I dont know whether this could be adapted into a proof but if we let x=cosT, y=sinT. then dy/dx=-cotT. The normal of this is tanT. drawing the line y-sinT=tanT(x-cosT) we get a line through the origin. i.e the normal of every point on this curve passes through the origin. is there some way of showing that this then gives a circle? if there is then it is another way of showing that x^2+y^2 is a constant.
Im thinking something along the lines of the curve is continuous. suppose there was a point x_1 such that x_1 is not 1 away from (0,0). Then the set of such points is non empty so has a infinium (a point touching to points which do conform.) Then this point is on the same radial line as a point from the circle of radius 1 centre (0,0) which we shall refer to as 'the circle point'.
The line of the curve at this point can be approximated by the line segment from the infinium to the preceding point. both have the same gradient (the line segments from both the ininifum and the circle point have gradient perpendicular to the radial line) and terminate at the same point therefore the points must be equal.
PS could this same argument if valid be extended to 3d for full generality?
Edit: The more I think about it the less interesting this is and the more it looks like the standard proof.