OCR F211/F212 AS Biology Retake 2016

(attempt at) UNOFFICIAL mark scheme for F211 2016 RESIT. Hope this helps y'all!
[Sorry I can't completely remember the order of the questions and this is by no means perfect so by all means ADD TO THIS as many questions could have multiple answers accepted and I could be wrong about some answers].

1. Amoeba don't need transport system - why? [2]
A) Have large SA:V. Diffusion is fast enough to supply it with nutrients needed. Only one cell thick so can penetrate easily.

2. What is the barrier to mineral ions in the membrane? [1]
A) Phospholipid bilayer

3. What feature of eukaryotic cell (might have been specific to the figure of the Amoeba?) not present in prokaryotic cell? [1]
A) Nucleus (may have been other answers acceptable?)

4. State two other things membranes can do? [2]
A) Hold components of metabolic pathways in place (e.g. carrier/channel proteins)
Act as binding sites for enzymes/hormones/etc
Regulate what goes in/out of cell
(There are multiple answers for this)

5. By what process does the Amoeba's vacuole mechanism thing get rid of water? [1]
A) Exocytosis/exopinocytosis (I don't know if they'll be cruel and only accept exopino or they might accept both; please be nice OCR!!)

6. What would happen if the Amoeba didn't have this vacuole mechanism thing? [1]
A) The cell would burst (might accept haemolyse/haemolysis? Someone on here has said that's specific to RBCs though so I'm not sure. Main thing is that you get 'burst' in there though. Hopefully they'd just ignore haemolysis if it's wrong and not completely discredit it. Only one mark tho so chill fam.)

7. Explain the data of number of times the vacuole expels water at different water potentials: -100kPa and -400kPa. [2]
A) At -100kPa water surrounding is less negative water potential in comparison to -400kPa which is more negative. Vacuole will expel more water at higher water potentials because more water enters the cell down water potential gradient (it is steeper). A mark will no doubt be awarded for comparing values. Several things you could say here for only 2 marks.

8. Give another feature of stem cells that makes them different to differentiated cells besides the fact that they can divide into a variety of different cells. [1]
A) ?????

9. What was the stage of mitosis on the insert. [1]
A) Anaphase

10. Describe the events occuring in mitosis up until the point used for answer in Q9^. [5]
A) Should be describing Prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase basically.
Prophase - DNA has already replicated in interphase. Chromatin condenses, supercoiling, thickening to form chromosomes as two sister chromatids attached at centromere.
Metaphase - chromosomes line up along spindle equator (attached at centromere). Each sister chromatid facing opposite poles of cell.
Anaphase - centriole spindle fibres shorten to divide centromeres, pulling each sister chromatid from their pair to opposite poles, led by the centromere.
(Could say a lot of stuff here for 5 marks, including QWC).

11. Describe the rest of the cell cycle aside from mitosis [3]
A) Interphase DNA replicates. Interphase includes growth 1 (G1), synthesis (S) and growth 2 (G2). In growth 1, the cell itself grows in size. In synthesis, the organelles and cell components are synthesised and in growth 2 the organelles grow in number too. (Hope I have that the right way around).

12. Microscope bit - table of magnification and resolution comparisons. Which one is TEM? [1]
A) Z (the one with magnification x500,000)

13. Two micrographs (figures a and b) of root hairs. Which figure was taken with an SEM? Justify your answer.
A) Should have been the top one (a). You could see the contours/3D shape of the hairs whereas you couldn't with the other one as it looked 2D (probably light microscope).

14. What is translocation? [3]
A) The transport of sugars/assimilates up and down the phloem in sieve tube elements from sources to sinks by mass flow from high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure. (Could've said several things here for the 3 marks.)

15. Moss Q - it contains no vascular tissue (no xylem or phloem). Suggest and explain how it's growth may be affected by this (or worded similarly to this). [2]
A) No vascular tissue means less structure and stability of plant, so won't grow as big. Less efficient transport of sugar and water so cells not as turgid/full of water for stability and structure. (Several things you could say. Feel free to add/correct!)

16. Name an adaptation that helps reduce water loss. [1]
Leaf curled/leaf hairs/thick waxy cuticle/densely packed mesophyll cells/less stomata/closed stomata/etc (so many things you could say for one mark).

18. Water transport gap fill. [4]
A) Cell wall
Endothelium/endothelial (the markers aren't going to be that picky dw they get your gist)
Plasmodesmata
Casparian strip


19. How can water be transported in moss from 'root-like structures' to leaves. [5]
(The mark scheme will prob put 'DO NOT CREDIT ref to cohesion-tension/adhesion' because remember the moss has no vascular tissues so it has NO XYLEM and NO PHLOEM. This was a right curveball Q I tell you.)
A) Root pressure - actively transported/pumps in nitrates/minerals. Lowers water potential of cells. Water follows by osmosis. Moves down water potential gradient by apoplast/symplast path into endothelial cells and is blocked by casparian strip so forced into symplast/vacuolar pathway. Moves to leaves through plant down water potential gradient by osmosis and is pushed through somewhat by root pressure.

20. What are two features of dicotyledonous leaves that wouldn't be present in the leaves of the moss? [2]
(If you didn't know what a dicot leaf is you'd be stressin so I'm sending you love cos that's a bit mean that they weren't more specific, but just remember that moss leaves are 1 cell thick).
A) Guard cells
Mesophyll cells

21. Calculate thickness of artery. [2]
A) 117 micrometres (116.6 recurring - round to nearest micrometre)

22. The heart sentences match up letters question [4]
A) Can't bloody remember so someone better fill this one in for me m8.

23. Transverse section of heart. Draw line. [1]
A) Only one mark so don't kys over it. Transverse is left to right though so should've been a line from left to right across heart. (Stress of the moment in the exam though so dw. I got this one wrong myself).

24. Labelling the transverse section. [3]
A) Since I got the first part wrong I don't want to say for sure.
I myself wrote atrium, septum, ventricle wall.

25. Why is staining needed? [2]
A) to make material visible, provide contrast, can identify components, see detail.

26. Functions of each in gaseous exchange [4]
Squamous epithelial cells -- short diffusion distance for gaseous exchange
Ciliated epithelial cells -- waft mucus with trapped pathogens to back of throat to be swallowed and destroyed by stomach acid
Goblet cells -- to secrete mucus
Smooth muscle -- to constrict airways

THIS MARK SCHEME IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE. There may be things I have missed (for some Qs I have explicitly said so) so I encourage you to add to this unofficial mark scheme and correct any bits if needed or add more detail.
If anything is wrong I apologise (e.g. Q mark values or even Qs in general)! I was begging for an unofficial M/S myself so now I've made one! Hope this helps! I'm outty!

I disagree that the moss question about water was looking for the pathways of water. I remember the questions specifically asked for the 'mechanisms' which moved water up the plant which in the spec refers to cohesion, tension and adhesion.

For 10a would you have to talk about Anaphase as it says describe processes before your answer to 9a?

(attempt at) UNOFFICIAL mark scheme for F211 2016 RESIT. Hope this helps y'all!
[Sorry I can't completely remember the order of the questions and this is by no means perfect so by all means ADD TO THIS as many questions could have multiple answers accepted and I could be wrong about some answers].

1. Amoeba don't need transport system - why? [2]
A) Have large SA:V. Diffusion is fast enough to supply it with nutrients needed. Only one cell thick so can penetrate easily.

2. What is the barrier to mineral ions in the membrane? [1]
A) Phospholipid bilayer

3. What feature of eukaryotic cell (might have been specific to the figure of the Amoeba?) not present in prokaryotic cell? [1]
A) Nucleus (may have been other answers acceptable?)

4. State two other things membranes can do? [2]
A) Hold components of metabolic pathways in place (e.g. carrier/channel proteins)
Act as binding sites for enzymes/hormones/etc
Regulate what goes in/out of cell
(There are multiple answers for this)

5. By what process does the Amoeba's vacuole mechanism thing get rid of water? [1]
A) Exocytosis/exopinocytosis (I don't know if they'll be cruel and only accept exopino or they might accept both; please be nice OCR!!)

6. What would happen if the Amoeba didn't have this vacuole mechanism thing? [1]
A) The cell would burst (might accept haemolyse/haemolysis? Someone on here has said that's specific to RBCs though so I'm not sure. Main thing is that you get 'burst' in there though. Hopefully they'd just ignore haemolysis if it's wrong and not completely discredit it. Only one mark tho so chill fam.)

7. Explain the data of number of times the vacuole expels water at different water potentials: -100kPa and -400kPa. [2]
A) At -100kPa water surrounding is less negative water potential in comparison to -400kPa which is more negative. Vacuole will expel more water at higher water potentials because more water enters the cell down water potential gradient (it is steeper). A mark will no doubt be awarded for comparing values. Several things you could say here for only 2 marks.

8. Give another feature of stem cells that makes them different to differentiated cells besides the fact that they can divide into a variety of different cells. [1]
A) ?????

9. What was the stage of mitosis on the insert. [1]
A) Anaphase

10. Describe the events occuring in mitosis up until the point used for answer in Q9^. [5]
A) Should be describing Prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase basically.
Prophase - DNA has already replicated in interphase. Chromatin condenses, supercoiling, thickening to form chromosomes as two sister chromatids attached at centromere.
Metaphase - chromosomes line up along spindle equator (attached at centromere). Each sister chromatid facing opposite poles of cell.
Anaphase - centriole spindle fibres shorten to divide centromeres, pulling each sister chromatid from their pair to opposite poles, led by the centromere.
(Could say a lot of stuff here for 5 marks, including QWC).

11. Describe the rest of the cell cycle aside from mitosis [3]
A) Interphase DNA replicates. Interphase includes growth 1 (G1), synthesis (S) and growth 2 (G2). In growth 1, the cell itself grows in size. In synthesis, the organelles and cell components are synthesised and in growth 2 the organelles grow in number too. (Hope I have that the right way around).

12. Microscope bit - table of magnification and resolution comparisons. Which one is TEM? [1]
A) Z (the one with magnification x500,000)

13. Two micrographs (figures a and b) of root hairs. Which figure was taken with an SEM? Justify your answer.
A) Should have been the top one (a). You could see the contours/3D shape of the hairs whereas you couldn't with the other one as it looked 2D (probably light microscope).

14. What is translocation? [3]
A) The transport of sugars/assimilates up and down the phloem in sieve tube elements from sources to sinks by mass flow from high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure. (Could've said several things here for the 3 marks.)

15. Moss Q - it contains no vascular tissue (no xylem or phloem). Suggest and explain how it's growth may be affected by this (or worded similarly to this). [2]
A) No vascular tissue means less structure and stability of plant, so won't grow as big. Less efficient transport of sugar and water so cells not as turgid/full of water for stability and structure. (Several things you could say. Feel free to add/correct!)

16. Name an adaptation that helps reduce water loss. [1]
Leaf curled/leaf hairs/thick waxy cuticle/densely packed mesophyll cells/less stomata/closed stomata/etc (so many things you could say for one mark).

18. Water transport gap fill. [4]
A) Cell wall
Endothelium/endothelial (the markers aren't going to be that picky dw they get your gist)
Plasmodesmata
Casparian strip


19. How can water be transported in moss from 'root-like structures' to leaves. [5]
(The mark scheme will prob put 'DO NOT CREDIT ref to cohesion-tension/adhesion' because remember the moss has no vascular tissues so it has NO XYLEM and NO PHLOEM. This was a right curveball Q I tell you.)
A) Root pressure - actively transported/pumps in nitrates/minerals. Lowers water potential of cells. Water follows by osmosis. Moves down water potential gradient by apoplast/symplast path into endothelial cells and is blocked by casparian strip so forced into symplast/vacuolar pathway. Moves to leaves through plant down water potential gradient by osmosis and is pushed through somewhat by root pressure.

20. What are two features of dicotyledonous leaves that wouldn't be present in the leaves of the moss? [2]
(If you didn't know what a dicot leaf is you'd be stressin so I'm sending you love cos that's a bit mean that they weren't more specific, but just remember that moss leaves are 1 cell thick).
A) Guard cells
Mesophyll cells

21. Calculate thickness of artery. [2]
A) 117 micrometres (116.6 recurring - round to nearest micrometre)

22. The heart sentences match up letters question [4]
A) Can't bloody remember so someone better fill this one in for me m8.

23. Transverse section of heart. Draw line. [1]
A) Only one mark so don't kys over it. Transverse is left to right though so should've been a line from left to right across heart. (Stress of the moment in the exam though so dw. I got this one wrong myself).

24. Labelling the transverse section. [3]
A) Since I got the first part wrong I don't want to say for sure.
I myself wrote atrium, septum, ventricle wall.

25. Why is staining needed? [2]
A) to make material visible, provide contrast, can identify components, see detail.

26. Functions of each in gaseous exchange [4]
Squamous epithelial cells -- short diffusion distance for gaseous exchange
Ciliated epithelial cells -- waft mucus with trapped pathogens to back of throat to be swallowed and destroyed by stomach acid
Goblet cells -- to secrete mucus
Smooth muscle -- to constrict airways

THIS MARK SCHEME IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE. There may be things I have missed (for some Qs I have explicitly said so) so I encourage you to add to this unofficial mark scheme and correct any bits if needed or add more detail.
If anything is wrong I apologise (e.g. Q mark values or even Qs in general)! I was begging for an unofficial M/S myself so now I've made one! Hope this helps! I'm outty!

I agree it has to be against gravity so maybe its cohesive and adhesive without a xylem

I disagree that the moss question about water was looking for the pathways of water. I remember the questions specifically asked for the 'mechanisms' which moved water up the plant which in the spec refers to cohesion, tension and adhesion.

The only point you couldn't raise is the water molecules attraction to the xylem walls.

Everything else still stands: Water molecules are attracted to each other so are pulled up in a column, transpiration stream creates a tension/suction pulling water molecules up, then you have osmosis from a higher water potential (soil) to a lower in the leaves

I disagree that the moss question about water was looking for the pathways of water. I remember the questions specifically asked for the 'mechanisms' which moved water up the plant which in the spec refers to cohesion, tension and adhesion.

(attempt at) UNOFFICIAL mark scheme for F211 2016 RESIT. Hope this helps y'all!
[Sorry I can't completely remember the order of the questions and this is by no means perfect so by all means ADD TO THIS as many questions could have multiple answers accepted and I could be wrong about some answers].

1. Amoeba don't need transport system - why? [2]
A) Have large SA:V. Diffusion is fast enough to supply it with nutrients needed. Only one cell thick so can penetrate easily.

2. What is the barrier to mineral ions in the membrane? [1]
A) Phospholipid bilayer

3. What feature of eukaryotic cell (might have been specific to the figure of the Amoeba?) not present in prokaryotic cell? [1]
A) Nucleus (may have been other answers acceptable?)

4. State two other things membranes can do? [2]
A) Hold components of metabolic pathways in place (e.g. carrier/channel proteins)
Act as binding sites for enzymes/hormones/etc
Regulate what goes in/out of cell
(There are multiple answers for this)

5. By what process does the Amoeba's vacuole mechanism thing get rid of water? [1]
A) Exocytosis/exopinocytosis (I don't know if they'll be cruel and only accept exopino or they might accept both; please be nice OCR!!)

6. What would happen if the Amoeba didn't have this vacuole mechanism thing? [1]
A) The cell would burst (might accept haemolyse/haemolysis? Someone on here has said that's specific to RBCs though so I'm not sure. Main thing is that you get 'burst' in there though. Hopefully they'd just ignore haemolysis if it's wrong and not completely discredit it. Only one mark tho so chill fam.)

7. Explain the data of number of times the vacuole expels water at different water potentials: -100kPa and -400kPa. [2]
A) At -100kPa water surrounding is less negative water potential in comparison to -400kPa which is more negative. Vacuole will expel more water at higher water potentials because more water enters the cell down water potential gradient (it is steeper). A mark will no doubt be awarded for comparing values. Several things you could say here for only 2 marks.

8. Give another feature of stem cells that makes them different to differentiated cells besides the fact that they can divide into a variety of different cells. [1]
A) ?????

9. What was the stage of mitosis on the insert. [1]
A) Anaphase

10. Describe the events occuring in mitosis up until the point used for answer in Q9^. [5]
A) Should be describing Prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase basically.
Prophase - DNA has already replicated in interphase. Chromatin condenses, supercoiling, thickening to form chromosomes as two sister chromatids attached at centromere.
Metaphase - chromosomes line up along spindle equator (attached at centromere). Each sister chromatid facing opposite poles of cell.
Anaphase - centriole spindle fibres shorten to divide centromeres, pulling each sister chromatid from their pair to opposite poles, led by the centromere.
(Could say a lot of stuff here for 5 marks, including QWC).

11. Describe the rest of the cell cycle aside from mitosis [3]
A) Interphase DNA replicates. Interphase includes growth 1 (G1), synthesis (S) and growth 2 (G2). In growth 1, the cell itself grows in size. In synthesis, the organelles and cell components are synthesised and in growth 2 the organelles grow in number too. (Hope I have that the right way around).

12. Microscope bit - table of magnification and resolution comparisons. Which one is TEM? [1]
A) Z (the one with magnification x500,000)

13. Two micrographs (figures a and b) of root hairs. Which figure was taken with an SEM? Justify your answer.
A) Should have been the top one (a). You could see the contours/3D shape of the hairs whereas you couldn't with the other one as it looked 2D (probably light microscope).

14. What is translocation? [3]
A) The transport of sugars/assimilates up and down the phloem in sieve tube elements from sources to sinks by mass flow from high hydrostatic pressure to low hydrostatic pressure. (Could've said several things here for the 3 marks.)

15. Moss Q - it contains no vascular tissue (no xylem or phloem). Suggest and explain how it's growth may be affected by this (or worded similarly to this). [2]
A) No vascular tissue means less structure and stability of plant, so won't grow as big. Less efficient transport of sugar and water so cells not as turgid/full of water for stability and structure. (Several things you could say. Feel free to add/correct!)

16. Name an adaptation that helps reduce water loss. [1]
Leaf curled/leaf hairs/thick waxy cuticle/densely packed mesophyll cells/less stomata/closed stomata/etc (so many things you could say for one mark).

18. Water transport gap fill. [4]
A) Cell wall
Endothelium/endothelial (the markers aren't going to be that picky dw they get your gist)
Plasmodesmata
Casparian strip


19. How can water be transported in moss from 'root-like structures' to leaves. [5]
(The mark scheme will prob put 'DO NOT CREDIT ref to cohesion-tension/adhesion' because remember the moss has no vascular tissues so it has NO XYLEM and NO PHLOEM. This was a right curveball Q I tell you.)
A) Root pressure - actively transported/pumps in nitrates/minerals. Lowers water potential of cells. Water follows by osmosis. Moves down water potential gradient by apoplast/symplast path into endothelial cells and is blocked by casparian strip so forced into symplast/vacuolar pathway. Moves to leaves through plant down water potential gradient by osmosis and is pushed through somewhat by root pressure.

20. What are two features of dicotyledonous leaves that wouldn't be present in the leaves of the moss? [2]
(If you didn't know what a dicot leaf is you'd be stressin so I'm sending you love cos that's a bit mean that they weren't more specific, but just remember that moss leaves are 1 cell thick).
A) Guard cells
Mesophyll cells

21. Calculate thickness of artery. [2]
A) 117 micrometres (116.6 recurring - round to nearest micrometre)

22. The heart sentences match up letters question [4]
A) Can't bloody remember so someone better fill this one in for me m8.

23. Transverse section of heart. Draw line. [1]
A) Only one mark so don't kys over it. Transverse is left to right though so should've been a line from left to right across heart. (Stress of the moment in the exam though so dw. I got this one wrong myself).

24. Labelling the transverse section. [3]
A) Since I got the first part wrong I don't want to say for sure.
I myself wrote atrium, septum, ventricle wall.

25. Why is staining needed? [2]
A) to make material visible, provide contrast, can identify components, see detail.

26. Functions of each in gaseous exchange [4]
Squamous epithelial cells -- short diffusion distance for gaseous exchange
Ciliated epithelial cells -- waft mucus with trapped pathogens to back of throat to be swallowed and destroyed by stomach acid
Goblet cells -- to secrete mucus
Smooth muscle -- to constrict airways

THIS MARK SCHEME IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE. There may be things I have missed (for some Qs I have explicitly said so) so I encourage you to add to this unofficial mark scheme and correct any bits if needed or add more detail.
If anything is wrong I apologise (e.g. Q mark values or even Qs in general)! I was begging for an unofficial M/S myself so now I've made one! Hope this helps! I'm outty!

Here it is, the unofficial mark scheme for the F211 2016 retake paper (compiled by some lovely people)....what a weird paper....some really good questions but some really bad ones too....and oh god don't get me started on the last 4 maker on the transverse section of the heart...

*disclaimer: we are in no way; shape or form, Darwin-level experts*
Unofficial mark scheme F211 May 2016 Resitters
Q1(a).why don't amoeba need a specialised gaseous exchange surface(2)Q1(b). State a organelle in fig…that isn't present in a prokaryotic cell(1)Q1(c).state component of the membrane that doesn't let through mineral ions(1)Q1(d). State two functions of cell membranes in Amoeba(2)Q1(e). How water move through cell(1)Q1(f). What happens to the cell if the vacuole thing is not present(1)Q1(g). Table question water potential(2) Q2(a) how is a stem cell different to specialised cell (1)How does water move through the roots and leaves in moss (4)Q - Specimens can be viewed under light microscope. What are the advantages of staining?(1) Q what is meant by translocation (2)Q fill in the gaps (4)Q calculation q (2)Q mitosis q Mitosis is effectively a continuous process but consists of four stages.
The first stage is called Prophase. In prophase the replicated chromosomes shorten and thicken (supercoil), and are now visible under a light microscope. The nuclear envelope breaks down and becomes invisible. An organelle called a centriole divides so that two daughter centrioles move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell to form the spindle (a structure made of protein threads/fibres).
Following this, is Metaphase. In metaphase the replicated chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) move to the centre of the spindle (the equator) and each becomes attached with their centromeres.
The next stage is Anaphase, which is depicted in the image.ATP production is also increased in interphase
Q microscopes - ZQ what reduces water loss or something..(1) - densely packed spongy mesophyll cells and many others
Q) how does air movement increase transpiration (2)Q. Define the term Tissue(2)Q. Match the best statements about the ****ing heart from the other table in this table. Once has already been done for you (how sweet)....C. (4) Q. two cells present in a dicotyledonous leaf but not in the moss leaf excluding cells found in vascular tissue (2) -spongy mesophyll cellsQ. Why can't moss leaves grow (2) Q the heart question (4) 1st one was the right ventricle 2nd one was septum3rd one was cardiac muscle
Q functions of smooth muscle, cilia, goblet cells and squamous (4)

I don't remember having to explain why it was anaphase for the mitosis question???

Ohh...looks like rubyisdraked got there first! browser was playing up...

Some suggestions/additions the question about cell cycle should accept ATP production and checking for errors as ive seen it in another similar q, the question on size of mosses i would add that it would be small as it has to have a large sa to volume ratio to transport water and minerals as it has no xylem/ phloem and finally I think the answer was BADE but there is a bit of a spit.
Ps thank you so much im so stressing out this really helps to predict what i got

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with cellulose molecules in cell walls - adhesion