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Original post by Zilein
They still remain loyal to liberalisms core belief such as individualism
Freedom
I think you could mention how welfare for modern liberals doesn't go to the extent as socialism's "cradle to the grave"
They recognise the limits and extent to state intervention and so on
Freedom
I think you could mention how welfare for modern liberals doesn't go to the extent as socialism's "cradle to the grave"
They recognise the limits and extent to state intervention and so on
Cradle to the grave
Who said that?
Original post by Annie.humair
'Nationalism looks to the past and not the future' discuss
To what extent is nationalism a backward looking ideology?
Do these questions mean the same thing and therefore require the same line of argument?
To what extent is nationalism a backward looking ideology?
Do these questions mean the same thing and therefore require the same line of argument?
It is quite similar, yes. They are asking what strands are reactionary, i.e. seeking to turn back the clock to a former period of time which is seen as more ideal than the current society.
Original post by xxvine
One more thing
You know for modern vs classical.....what's are the arguments that modern hasn't departed classical
You know for modern vs classical.....what's are the arguments that modern hasn't departed classical
I gave this answer earlier earlier to someone else:
Individualism - basic belief is the same (humans are rational but self interested), modern liberals emphasise the altruistic nature more than classical liberals.
Freedom - basic belief is the same (natural right, negative freedom should be practiced in the private sphere), modern liberals believe in positive freedom as a additional necessity in society: it enhances the advantages of negative freedom.
Economy - both are weary of excessive state intervention, believes economic inequality is necessary and in meritocracy. Key difference here is that modern liberals recognise that the classical liberal position of economy isn't necessarily beneficial to everyone and tries to rectify this by Keynesian economics.
Also, you can mention how both strands believe in the mechanistic theory of the state. This argues that modern liberals haven't departed from the ideas of classical liberals at all.
Using this information, with each paragraph you can decide that modern liberals have departed from classical liberals' ideas to an extent, in an effort to make classical liberals ideas applicable to a modern world. However, key ideals are the same.
Original post by xxvine
Cradle to the graveWho said that?
Pretty sure it was Berveridge
Original post by blackdiamond97
It is quite similar, yes. They are asking what strands are reactionary, i.e. seeking to turn back the clock to a former period of time which is seen as more ideal than the current society.
Your gonna get full marks
You doing politics at uni mate?
I gave this answer earlier earlier to someone else:
Individualism - basic belief is the same (humans are rational but self interested), modern liberals emphasise the altruistic nature more than classical liberals.
Freedom - basic belief is the same (natural right, negative freedom should be practiced in the private sphere), modern liberals believe in positive freedom as a additional necessity in society: it enhances the advantages of negative freedom.
Economy - both are weary of excessive state intervention, believes economic inequality is necessary and in meritocracy. Key difference here is that modern liberals recognise that the classical liberal position of economy isn't necessarily beneficial to everyone and tries to rectify this by Keynesian economics.
Also, you can mention how both strands believe in the mechanistic theory of the state. This argues that modern liberals haven't departed from the ideas of classical liberals at all.
Using this information, with each paragraph you can decide that modern liberals have departed from classical liberals' ideas to an extent, in an effort to make classical liberals ideas applicable to a modern world. However, key ideals are the same.
Pretty sure it was Berveridge
Your gonna get full marks
You doing politics at uni mate?
I gave this answer earlier earlier to someone else:
Individualism - basic belief is the same (humans are rational but self interested), modern liberals emphasise the altruistic nature more than classical liberals.
Freedom - basic belief is the same (natural right, negative freedom should be practiced in the private sphere), modern liberals believe in positive freedom as a additional necessity in society: it enhances the advantages of negative freedom.
Economy - both are weary of excessive state intervention, believes economic inequality is necessary and in meritocracy. Key difference here is that modern liberals recognise that the classical liberal position of economy isn't necessarily beneficial to everyone and tries to rectify this by Keynesian economics.
Also, you can mention how both strands believe in the mechanistic theory of the state. This argues that modern liberals haven't departed from the ideas of classical liberals at all.
Using this information, with each paragraph you can decide that modern liberals have departed from classical liberals' ideas to an extent, in an effort to make classical liberals ideas applicable to a modern world. However, key ideals are the same.
Pretty sure it was Berveridge
Your gonna get full marks mate....you studying politics at uni?
Original post by blackdiamond97
It is quite similar, yes. They are asking what strands are reactionary, i.e. seeking to turn back the clock to a former period of time which is seen as more ideal than the current society.
I gave this answer earlier earlier to someone else:
Individualism - basic belief is the same (humans are rational but self interested), modern liberals emphasise the altruistic nature more than classical liberals.
Freedom - basic belief is the same (natural right, negative freedom should be practiced in the private sphere), modern liberals believe in positive freedom as a additional necessity in society: it enhances the advantages of negative freedom.
Economy - both are weary of excessive state intervention, believes economic inequality is necessary and in meritocracy. Key difference here is that modern liberals recognise that the classical liberal position of economy isn't necessarily beneficial to everyone and tries to rectify this by Keynesian economics.
Also, you can mention how both strands believe in the mechanistic theory of the state. This argues that modern liberals haven't departed from the ideas of classical liberals at all.
Using this information, with each paragraph you can decide that modern liberals have departed from classical liberals' ideas to an extent, in an effort to make classical liberals ideas applicable to a modern world. However, key ideals are the same.
Pretty sure it was Berveridge
I gave this answer earlier earlier to someone else:
Individualism - basic belief is the same (humans are rational but self interested), modern liberals emphasise the altruistic nature more than classical liberals.
Freedom - basic belief is the same (natural right, negative freedom should be practiced in the private sphere), modern liberals believe in positive freedom as a additional necessity in society: it enhances the advantages of negative freedom.
Economy - both are weary of excessive state intervention, believes economic inequality is necessary and in meritocracy. Key difference here is that modern liberals recognise that the classical liberal position of economy isn't necessarily beneficial to everyone and tries to rectify this by Keynesian economics.
Also, you can mention how both strands believe in the mechanistic theory of the state. This argues that modern liberals haven't departed from the ideas of classical liberals at all.
Using this information, with each paragraph you can decide that modern liberals have departed from classical liberals' ideas to an extent, in an effort to make classical liberals ideas applicable to a modern world. However, key ideals are the same.
Pretty sure it was Berveridge
Could you do a detailed answer on ML and the state please
This is what I have for the CL strand of the question was something along the lines of 'liberalism is defined by its desire to minimise the state'
Classical liberalism is defined by its desire to minimise the state. Classical liberals believe that freedom is of negative variety ie freedom from external constraints. Each individual has a sovereign right to this freedom by virtue of being human- pure existence as a national body- ie giving innate dignity and worth.
But as JS Mill argued, negative freedom must always be subject to the harm principle. This is the idea that we are free as far as we can't infringe on the freedom of others, limiting their sovereignty and preventing their natural rights eg freedom of speech. There needs to be a body which can enforce these rights and create a system of protection for the individual by which we are also obligated to obey and respect ie follow laws, that doesn't threaten the rights and liberty of others.
This is the state.
Hobbes and Locke believes the govt was formed through a social contract. Hobbes argued that a society without protection would be a state of nature and life would be 'brutish' and that we must sacrifice a portion of our liberty to to preserve the liberty of all. However, the state does limit our freedom as a compulsory and coercive body, if we did break its laws. Locke described the state to protect 'life, liberty and property' and nothing more this the state should be limited as much as possible. The state should especially not have any interference in the private sphere, implicating tolerance of diversity and religion.
Locke also argued that if the state because more than the 'night watchman' and began to prevent liberty more than protecting it then we would have the right to overthrow it. This is seen in the liberal attemp to fragment political power by external checks on govt (codified constitution) and internal (parliamentary govt)
Desire to minimise the role of state is also seen in economic policy. It is reflected in the free market ideas by liberals such as Smith who advocated for de-regulation. He believed that the market operates according to the wishes of free individuals, a natural equilibrium, via supply and demand.
This reflects Mill's 'free market idea' in the sense it is morally beneficial ( prevents dependency and allows individuals to flourish) and economjcally beneficial, bringing prosperity.
By virtue of the 'invisible hand', these would trickle down into society through altruism and general increase of wealth.
For ML I'm struggling a bit so if anyone could please help me out that would be great. But so far I have
Lead by theorist TH Green, they consider freedom and equality differently. This shows a this shows a different theory of the state for both moral and ideological and economic reasons.
The concept of positive freedom is key. Freedom is not defined by external constraints but by the freedom to exercise our freedom to be our own autonomous masters. Freedom is only positive if it enables us to flourish and develop as an individual. Mill placed great emphasis on the higher pleasures as more important than lower pleasures.
If someone could add on the ML but that would be great. Feel free to correct me
Classical liberalism is defined by its desire to minimise the state. Classical liberals believe that freedom is of negative variety ie freedom from external constraints. Each individual has a sovereign right to this freedom by virtue of being human- pure existence as a national body- ie giving innate dignity and worth.
But as JS Mill argued, negative freedom must always be subject to the harm principle. This is the idea that we are free as far as we can't infringe on the freedom of others, limiting their sovereignty and preventing their natural rights eg freedom of speech. There needs to be a body which can enforce these rights and create a system of protection for the individual by which we are also obligated to obey and respect ie follow laws, that doesn't threaten the rights and liberty of others.
This is the state.
Hobbes and Locke believes the govt was formed through a social contract. Hobbes argued that a society without protection would be a state of nature and life would be 'brutish' and that we must sacrifice a portion of our liberty to to preserve the liberty of all. However, the state does limit our freedom as a compulsory and coercive body, if we did break its laws. Locke described the state to protect 'life, liberty and property' and nothing more this the state should be limited as much as possible. The state should especially not have any interference in the private sphere, implicating tolerance of diversity and religion.
Locke also argued that if the state because more than the 'night watchman' and began to prevent liberty more than protecting it then we would have the right to overthrow it. This is seen in the liberal attemp to fragment political power by external checks on govt (codified constitution) and internal (parliamentary govt)
Desire to minimise the role of state is also seen in economic policy. It is reflected in the free market ideas by liberals such as Smith who advocated for de-regulation. He believed that the market operates according to the wishes of free individuals, a natural equilibrium, via supply and demand.
This reflects Mill's 'free market idea' in the sense it is morally beneficial ( prevents dependency and allows individuals to flourish) and economjcally beneficial, bringing prosperity.
By virtue of the 'invisible hand', these would trickle down into society through altruism and general increase of wealth.
For ML I'm struggling a bit so if anyone could please help me out that would be great. But so far I have
Lead by theorist TH Green, they consider freedom and equality differently. This shows a this shows a different theory of the state for both moral and ideological and economic reasons.
The concept of positive freedom is key. Freedom is not defined by external constraints but by the freedom to exercise our freedom to be our own autonomous masters. Freedom is only positive if it enables us to flourish and develop as an individual. Mill placed great emphasis on the higher pleasures as more important than lower pleasures.
If someone could add on the ML but that would be great. Feel free to correct me
Does anyone have a detailed plan for this question? 'Conservatives favour pragmatism over principle'. Discuss
I'm struggling on what to say and how to write a whole essay on this.
Help will be much appreciated
@blackdiamond97 you seem to have the answers please help
I'm struggling on what to say and how to write a whole essay on this.
Help will be much appreciated
@blackdiamond97 you seem to have the answers please help
(edited 7 years ago)
Original post by xxvine
Your gonna get full marks mate....you studying politics at uni?
That would be so nice, but I panic during exams and forget stuff, it happened last year and I really hope it doesn't happen again this year. Yep, I'm doing PPE at uni
Original post by Annie.humair
Could you do a detailed answer on ML and the state please
Here are some general points
•
Agrees with CL in the mechanistic theory of the state
•
Believes in positive freedom as negative freedom disadvantages those who are socially disadvantaged through no fault of their own - link to Beveridge Report and the establishemnt of the NHS
•
Agrees with CL that the state is a necessary evil due to human nature; the state is an example of sovereign power, which can corrupt humans. However the state is needed in order to prevent the state of nature from happening in society
•
CL views of the state clearly did not work sue to the recession of the 1930s; state intervention was needed in order to overcome it
•
Agrees with CL that state intervention should not lead to equality of outcome due to the socialist implication that all individuals are the same - agrees with meritocracy to a lesser extent than classical liberals
•
State cannot force people to be good - it provides conditions only
•
State has a bigger responsibility to promote equality of opportunity
Original post by rmh97
Does anyone have a detailed plan for this question? 'Conservatives favour pragmatism over principle'. DiscussI'm struggling on what to say and how to write a whole essay on this.Help will be much appreciated@blackdiamond97 you seem to have the answers please help
From an earlier post:
I would say that traditional and neo conservatives favour pragmatism, and neo liberals favour principle overall.
Traditional and neo conservatives belief that human nature is intellectually imperfect, and so mistrusts any new human theories and ideas and favours tradition. Liberal ideas created as a result of the Enlightenment, such as equality and the rejection of the divine right of kings, for example, are rejected by conservatives. They also believe that pragmatism ensures that the natural social order of the world is not disrupted, which is a key thing for psychologically imperfect humans. This is shown by One Nationism, for example. However, it is worth mentioning that there are some principled beliefs in conservatism - the practice of One Nationism is used in order to preserve the principles of hierarchy, natural government and the social obligations of the well off.
Neo liberals disagree with the conservatives mentioned above and believe that humans are rational beings whose ideas should be followed. The best example of this is during the Thatcher era, where a limited state, strong emphasis on a traditional family and the idea of a authoritarian state were key ideas within neo liberalism and were not changed even when society demanded them to (there was social unrest due to these policies around the UK). However, it could be said that pragmatism does have an influence on Neo liberalism due to its creation as a result of pragmatic factors (the failure of the post-war social democratic consensus).
@blackdiamond97 thanks mate! I've been told for that question the extent for which principle has displaced pragmatism depends on the extent for which neo-liberal convictions have displaced traditionalism within conservatism.
Do you get this? I don't
Do you get this? I don't
Original post by Annie.humair
x
You could add in:
A quote by Lord Acton
J.S.Mill said If liberty is unlimited then it may become 'licence' (which would lead on to the bit about the self harm principle)
How they view that the state is a necessary evil
CL - Minimal state vs ML - Enabling state (to help humans develop talents and skills, thus leading to human flourishing)
Equality - And how MLs say that the state can help the poorest in society through some redistribution of wealth
Liberal fear of democracy in 19th century vs Liberals embracing democracy (could go with the state of nature bit + Quote about life being "nasty, brutish and short" without state + social contract + "where there is no law there is no freedom")
Fear of encroachment of government on Liberty
(Sorry if I repeated anything you said!)
(edited 7 years ago)
Original post by rmh97
@blackdiamond97 thanks mate! I've been told for that question the extent for which principle has displaced pragmatism depends on the extent for which neo-liberal convictions have displaced traditionalism within conservatism.
Do you get this? I don't
Do you get this? I don't
I think that's just a roundabout way of saying that the extent of which neo-liberals have replaced traditional ideas about conservatism within neo-liberal ideology is the extent of which principled ideas has replaced pragmatic ideas within conservatism if that makes sense?
Original post by blackdiamond97
I think that's just a roundabout way of saying that the extent of which neo-liberals have replaced traditional ideas about conservatism within neo-liberal ideology is the extent of which principled ideas has replaced pragmatic ideas within conservatism if that makes sense?
How would you answer is nationalism a single doctrine
Hello, just wondered if anyone has plans/exemplar answer on feminism - really struggling on the different wording and how to set it out - attempted the 'feminism is characterised more by disagreement than agreement' one and just couldn't get through - any ideas on how to structure it?
Original post by Inesteixeiraxo
Hello, just wondered if anyone has plans/exemplar answer on feminism - really struggling on the different wording and how to set it out - attempted the 'feminism is characterised more by disagreement than agreement' one and just couldn't get through - any ideas on how to structure it?
Feminism is unlikely to be the 45 marker
Original post by Richie513
Anyone got any ideas for what they think will come up twice in the 15 mark questions section this year? I feel like it's going to be Conservatism in 3B, and then Feminism or Ecologism in 4B
I was thinking socialism will come up twice...
I would love for conservatism to turn up twice, though.Original post by blackdiamond97
I think that's just a roundabout way of saying that the extent of which neo-liberals have replaced traditional ideas about conservatism within neo-liberal ideology is the extent of which principled ideas has replaced pragmatic ideas within conservatism if that makes sense?
Dunno not really haha doesn't matter .. i think i can plan most conservative essays now however there's 2 that I'm struggling with. If you've planned these before or something then please post on here!
'Conservatism has always been characterised by a tension between paternalism and libertarianism' Discuss. (New Right vs Traditional/One-nation differences and similarities??)
'Has conservatism been more concerned with social stability than economic freedom'. Discuss (neo-lib vs. traditional/one-nation/neo-con??)
Just don't know what points to base my paragraphs on.
(edited 7 years ago)
Conservatism merely relfects the interests of the privilagedand prosperous.’ (45)
For this question would you evaluate with other ideologies?
EG: Liberal New right - free market
Evaluate: Modern Liberals
Traditional con view on human nature
Evaluate: Marxism
One Nation
Evaluate: Socialism
PLEASE HELP
For this question would you evaluate with other ideologies?
EG: Liberal New right - free market
Evaluate: Modern Liberals
Traditional con view on human nature
Evaluate: Marxism
One Nation
Evaluate: Socialism
PLEASE HELP
Original post by Samz15
Conservatism merely relfects the interests of the privilagedand prosperous.’ (45)
For this question would you evaluate with other ideologies?
EG: Liberal New right - free market
Evaluate: Modern Liberals
Traditional con view on human nature
Evaluate: Marxism
One Nation
Evaluate: Socialism
PLEASE HELP
For this question would you evaluate with other ideologies?
EG: Liberal New right - free market
Evaluate: Modern Liberals
Traditional con view on human nature
Evaluate: Marxism
One Nation
Evaluate: Socialism
PLEASE HELP
No, you'd evaluate each of the strands within conservatism - looking at how their key doctrines and aims are inclined (or not inclined) towards favouring the wealthier sections of society.
Original post by Pokémontrainer
No, you'd evaluate each of the strands within conservatism - looking at how their key doctrines and aims are inclined (or not inclined) towards favouring the wealthier sections of society.
Could you bring modern examples
Such as Universal tax cuts
Help to buy
Gay marriage act
Original post by xxvine
How would you answer is nationalism a single doctrine
State that it can be in a very limited sense as all strands believe that nations is the sole legitimate unit of political rule and so the nation is therefore the key to political organisation. The differences are much easier to describe, talk about the differences between cultural and political nationalism as well as between liberal, conservative, expansionist and post colonial. You could then argue about how some ideologies are forward/backward looking/peaceful/aggressive and sat that the shared features within certain strands indicate that there are some similarities within nationalism.
Original post by Inesteixeiraxo
Hello, just wondered if anyone has plans/exemplar answer on feminism - really struggling on the different wording and how to set it out - attempted the 'feminism is characterised more by disagreement than agreement' one and just couldn't get through - any ideas on how to structure it?
Agreements - all women are oppressed, all women should seek emancipation
Disagreements - reformist (liberal) vs revolutionary (social/radical), difference vs egalitarian feminism, disagreements on whether patriarchy originates in the private or public sphere, whether class, sexual or legal revolution is most important within society
Original post by rmh97
Dunno not really haha doesn't matter .. i think i can plan most conservative essays now however there's 2 that I'm struggling with. If you've planned these before or something then please post on here!
'Conservatism has always been characterised by a tension between paternalism and libertarianism' Discuss. (New Right vs Traditional/One-nation differences and similarities??)
'Has conservatism been more concerned with social stability than economic freedom'. Discuss (neo-lib vs. traditional/one-nation/neo-con??)
Just don't know what points to base my paragraphs on.
'Conservatism has always been characterised by a tension between paternalism and libertarianism' Discuss. (New Right vs Traditional/One-nation differences and similarities??)
'Has conservatism been more concerned with social stability than economic freedom'. Discuss (neo-lib vs. traditional/one-nation/neo-con??)
Just don't know what points to base my paragraphs on.
Are they past paper questions?
(edited 7 years ago)
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