Chemical Analysis and Ethanoic Acid
Test tube 1 - effervescence/fizzing as the calcium carbonate reacted the ethanoic acid
Test tube 2 - limewater turns cloudy as calcium carbonate + ethanoic acid -> calcium ethanoate + carbon dioxde. The carbon dioxide makes the limewater cloudy.
Silver nirate in the presence of dilute nitric acid: white precipitate and no change
Barium chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid: no change and no change
An acid(ic) catalyst is the production of esters
Bond Energies
-1276kJ/mol
More energy used in bond breaking than in bond making. Surplus energy released to the surroundings as heat energy.
The specific heat capacity question
Q=mcΔT
Q= 50 x 4.2 x 16.4
Q= 3444J
3444/50 = 68.88J per gram of alcohol burned
68.88/10 = 6.888
6.888 x 8 = 55.104J
The Periodic Table
Elements were in order of relative atomic mass in Mendeleev's Periodic Table.
The discovery of the proton led to elements being arranged in order of the atomic number. (I'm wrong here? but that's what i wrote)
The element with the lowest bp is Fluorine.
Group 1 elements react by donating electrons. Group 7 elements react by accepting electrons. The electrons are attracted to the positive charge of the atomic nucleus. Down Group 1 and Group 7 the number of electron shells that are occupied increases this shields the nucleus from the electrons in the highest energy level, diminishing the attraction. This makes it easier for electrons to be donated and more difficult for them to be accepted.
The Haber Process
Methane is obtained from natural gas or crude oil
All the gases are cooled in a condenser. Ammonia liquefies. The unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled and piped back into the reactor.
The optimum conditions are 200 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1000atm
A temperature of 450 degrees is used because too high a temperature would favour the endothermic reaction and the reaction to produce ammonia is exothermic, this was reduce the yield of ammonia. Too low a temperature would decrease the rate of the reaction. A pressure of 200atm is used as it is too expensive to build a reaction vessel that can withstand pressures of 1000atm.
This is all I can remember if you want I can wrack my brain for more