Unofficial mark scheme
Please free feel to offer your opinions, I by no means claim to know all the answers, far form it.
With thanks to:
jamesvernon
Hamer
(Working Progress)
Question 1:
(a) A capacitor has a capacitance of one farad when it can store a charge of one coloumb per unit potential difference/volt
(b) (i) 1/Capacitance? (i) Energy stored by the capacitance
(c) 58.8 microF + a nice picture of them all in series
(d) (i) QIt, Q=2.4 (ii) Q=vc v=Q/c = 24 W=1/2 x Qv = 28.8J
Question 2:
(a)
(i) Arrow to centre of Circle
(ii) The force always acts perpendicular to motion hence there is no component of the force effecting the motion
(b) 1.37x10^-14 J
(c) 1.42x10^-3 T
(d) 2.4x10^-12 m + Resoning that assume both positron + electron are both converted to pure energy
Question 3:
(a)(i) Frequency = 1/Period
Frequency = 1/10x^-3
Frequency = 100 Hz
(ii) Magnetic flux linkage = B A N
B = Magnetic flux linkage / A N
B = 2x10^-2/1.6x10^-3 x 400
B = 0.03125 (0.0313 to 3 s.f.)
(iii) For this question you needed to make a gradient triangle between 2 seconds and 3 seconds. The magnetic flux density changes from 0.6x10^-2 to -0.6x10^-2 in 1x10^-3 seconds:
Emf = Change in magnetic flux density / Change in time
Emf = 1.2x10^-2/1x10^-3
Emf = 12V
(b) P = V^2/R
P = 12^2/150
P = 0.96W
Question 4:
(a) Conservation of momentum, initial momentum of alpha is equal to the final momentum of gold nucleus. The force that slows down alpha particle accelerates gold nucleus to left.
(b) Lines curing towards from points
(c) F = Q1Q2/(4 pi eo r^2) = (79 x 1.6E-19 x 2 x 1.6E-19) / (4 pi eo x 6.0E-14^2) = 10.1N
(d) 1/R^2 graph
Question 5:
(a) No of neutrons = 234-92 = 142
(b) (i) KE= 5.6MeV = 5.6 x 1E6 x 1.6E-19 = 8,96E-13J (ii) KE = 1/2 mv^2 so v = sqrt(2 x 8.96E-13 / 6.65E-27) = 1.64E7 ms-1
(c) (i) Power = Activity x energy of 1 event, A = 62/8.96E-13 = 6.92E13 Bq (ii) n2 / t1/2 = 0.693/(88 x 3.16E7) = 2.49E-10 s-1
(ii)
Question 6:
(a)
(b)
(c) (i) (ii) (iii)
(d)
Question 7:
(a) ONE from; A type of EM Radiation, Can travel in a vacuum, Short waves lengths (x10-8...x10-12), High energy, Ionising, Travel Transversely
(b) Compton Effect is the process by which a x-ray loses some of its energy when it is incident on an electron in an atom, ejecting the electron and leaving the nucleus so that momentum is conserved.
(c) (i) Initial Intensity of the Collimated Beam (ii) 0.21 CM
(d) To Show up an organ more clearly, because it is almost indistinguishable from similar soft tissue around it.
Question 8:
(a) Most nuclei behave as small magnets with a north and south pole.
When a strong magnetic field is applied, the nuclei align their magnetic axes parallel to the external magnetic field.
They show precession and the angular frequency of precession is known as the Larmor frequency.
(b) A PET scan in loves ionising radiation as gamma-ray photons are produced. An MRI does not involve ionising radiation. For a PET scan, the patient must be injected with a radioactive source. This is not necessary for an MRI scan.
Question 9:
(a) Light nuclei can become more stable by joining together in via a fusion reaction.
Fusion reactions take place at extremely high temperatures, above 10^7K. The atoms also need a large amount of kinetic energy.
(b) Explodes as a supernova, for a star of 3-10 solar masses the remnant core is a neutron star. For a stare greater than 10 solar masses, the core undergoes further collapse, resulting in a black hole.
Question 10:
(a) F= GMm/r^2 6.67x10^-11 x (1.0x10^11 = 1.0 x10^30)^2/(4.0x10^22)^2
(b) The gravitational force between them is not strong enough to cause them to collapse/fall into each other.
(c) Big bang. All matter and energy is concentrated in a single point in space.
All four forces are unified (gravitational, electrostatic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear) Expansions occurring rapidly.
Gravitational force becomes prominent. Photons and quarks appear.
Strong nuclear force becomes prominent. Quarks form leptons. Already more matter than antimatter present.
Weak nuclear force and electrostatic force become prominent. Increasing amounts of matter. Antimatter disappear (from our galaxy)
Helium and Lithium form. Matter is in the form of plasma.
Atoms form. Photons travel freely. Cosmic background radiation forms.
Density fluctuations result in the first structure if the universe.
Further structure form. Heavy element form.
Obviously not all this is needed, just 5/6 statements in correct order.
(d)
(i) The spectrum contains dark lines called absorption spectral lines. These represent photons that have been absorbed by the sample.
(ii) Doppler equation, rearrange to find the speed
v= Hubbles constant x d
d= v/Hubbles constant