K I'll give it a try. Tar in cigarettes smoke contains carcinogens which are reaches the lungs via inhalation. The carcinogens can enter the nucleus and cause a mutation by altering DNA. The mutation may lead to uncontrollable cell division (cell divisions exceed Hayflick limit), apoptosis doesn't happen so this progresses to form a tumour.
Dunno how many marks that is but I doubt it's 12!
I'd probably give it 7. You could talk about conversion of protooncogenes to oncogenes. And refer to it as a malignant tumour. Two examples of mutagens are benzopyrene and formaldehyde. By the way, stating that tar destroys cilia would give you 2 marks. Also, refer to the mutation as a random mutation. You could also maybe talk about transcription being slowed down and it being switched off. You have good synoptic knowledge though.
Have a go at the question I posted earlier. Outline how lung cancer is caused (12 marks) Refer to two mutagens in your answer
benopyrene carcionogenos deopisted -mutation the carcinogen enters nuclueus in alveoli and changes genetic material and can cause cell to divide uncontrollably. and affects DNA replication and affects activity of enzymes these are enough points the book does not mention more reason
benopyrene carcionogenos deopisted -mutation the carcinogen enters nuclueus in alveoli and changes genetic material and can cause cell to divide uncontrollably. and affects DNA replication and affects activity of enzymes these are enough points the book does not mention more reason
I'd probably give you 5 marks - protooncogenes are converted to oncogenes - no apoptosis (programmed cell death) - forms malignant tumour - tar destroys cilia (2 marks for saying three words) - another mutagen is formaldehyde - say the carcinogens are in the tar
the first two points relate to F215 more but these points would be in the mark scheme for this question.
benopyrene carcionogenos deopisted -mutation the carcinogen enters nuclueus in alveoli and changes genetic material and can cause cell to divide uncontrollably. and affects DNA replication and affects activity of enzymes these are enough points the book does not mention more reason
a) What does cellulase do? (2 marks) b) Explain the benefit of humans having the gene that codes for cellulase? (4 marks) c) Palladium is an inhibitor of cellulase. Explain how palladium could inhibit cellulase (4/5 marks)
I'd probably give you 5 marks - protooncogenes are converted to oncogenes - no apoptosis (programmed cell death) - forms malignant tumour - tar destroys cilia (2 marks for saying three words) - another mutagen is formaldehyde - say the carcinogens are in the tar
the first two points relate to F215 more but these points would be in the mark scheme for this question.
i think i've memorised nearly everything now (I hope) :/ good luck to you anyways
I've been working on Chemistry for the last week, feel like there's no room in my head for Biology too! I'm sure it'll be alright once I get in to it but at the moment just looks like there's too much to do, too much to learn before I even start to revise it :/ good luck to you as well
I've been working on Chemistry for the last week, feel like there's no room in my head for Biology too! I'm sure it'll be alright once I get in to it but at the moment just looks like there's too much to do, too much to learn before I even start to revise it :/ good luck to you as well
Aaah okay, I'm gonna work on chemistry next tuesday.. you doing AQA?