Edexcel GCSE History A, International Relations
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Original post by Mrkingpenguin
Churchill said communists could be included, but that did not mean the whole Gov. should be communist-there would be a mix. Stalin ignored this and made it exclusively comm.
i thought they agreed that states would have the choice of being capitalist or communist- they would get to choose and stalin disobeyed this and just installed communism.
My notes for sections 3, 4, 5. They're not done yet but they might be helpful to some people.
The impact of the Depression on international relations (1929-39)
High levels of unemployment contributed to extremism in many countries.
Under men such as Stresmann Germany started to recover. The Young and Dawes plan stabilised the German economy, but after the Wall St. Crash the US could no longer support Germany in the same way. The economy collapsed and contributed to Hitler's rise in power.
Manchurian Crisis (1931-33)
Favourable tariffs for US trade meant Japan was becoming irrelevant, Japanese wanted to improve their economy and show that they were still a strong nation through expansion of their territories.
A Japanese railway in Manchuria was vandalised and Japanese troops retaliated by invading the whole of Manchuria.
The Chinese appealed to the League of Nations, who passed a resolution saying Japan should withdraw, but they took a year to say so.
Abyssinia (1935-36)
Mussolini wanted to increase size of Italian empire to increase national prestige, gather additional raw materials for industry, and provide living space for an expanding population,
Abyssinia had raw materials and was located next to Eritrea, already part of the Italian empire. The failure of the LoN in Manchuria encouraged him.
In October 1935 Abyssinia was invaded by Italy. The LoN placed limited sanctions on Italy and did not restrict oil trade.
The consequences of the failure of the LoN
It became clear that the LoN would not use force to prevent conflicts, and that it was not united in its approach to dealing with conflict. It showed that larger powers who were not members (US, USSR) would not intervene unless their own interests were threatened.
What were Hitler's aims and policies with regard to the Treaty of Versailles?
He wanted to tear up the ToV, to create Grossdeutschland (a unified Germany encompassing all German speakers), and to acquire Lebensraum in the east.
1933: Communist Party banned, leaders put in concentration camps
1934: Leaves LoN, Disarmament Conference.
1935: Increases army size to 500k
1936: Re-occupies the Rhineland
1936: Signs the Anti-Comintern Pact with Italy & Japan, who agree to fight international communism
1938: Austria joins Germany in the Anschluss
1938: Annexes the Sudettenland
1939: Increases size of the German army to 950k
1939: Signs Nazi-Soviet Pact
1939: Invades Poland
1941: Declares war on USSR
Rhineland (1936)
An area of Germany bordering France. Considered economically and militarily important, was classified as a demilitarised zone in ToV.
By occupying Rhineland, Hitler would increase national morale, demonstrate that attitudes towards the ToV had changed, and that the Allies were weak and unable to take action.
On 7th March 1936 troops marched into the Rhineland. International response was mostly pro-German, but France viewed the re-occupation nervously.
Anschluss (1938)
Germany wanted to create a union between Germany and Austria. As support for the Nazis grew in Germany, it also grew in Austria. Hitler supported the Austrian Nazi Party. The Chancellor did not want to give the Nazis power. Nazis began to occupy government buildings and Hitler was ready to invade, but an Austrian Nazi leader was appointed as Chancellor.
The international response to the Anschluss was mixed, with some Austrians being thankful for it and some not. The British PM wanted to avoid war so he denounced it but stated that it would not have been avoidable without the use of force.
Appeasement
Chamberlain wanted to avoid the horrors of WWI all over again. He was happy to negotiate issues instead of going to war, and much of what Hitler was doing was viewed as fair. The LoN was supposed to deal with issues, not governments. The Depression meant that spending needed to be kept to a minimum, and German conscription was viewed as a way to combat unemployment.
Sudetenland (1938)
The Sudetenland was an area in Czechoslovakia that was ethically German. The German speaking minority wanted to be part of Germany. In 1938 German troops were ordered into positions along the border, which was meant to intimidate the Czech government, which responded by stationing troops on their side of the border. The tensions were diffused by the Munich Agreement, which gave the Sudetenland to Germany.
The Munich Agreement (1938)
Chamberlain negotiated a treaty that would give the Sudetenland to Germany together with the German, Italian and French governments. There was no Czech representation, and they were informed that if they did not accept the terms they would be held responsible for war.
German - Polish relations (1933-39)
In 1934 Germany and Poland signed a 10 year non-aggression pact. Germany wanted to weaken the friendship between France and Poland, and to weaken the influence of communism. Germany demanded
Pact of Steel (1939)
Germany & Italy signed a pact on May 22nd 1939. The pact was based on the assumption that war would break out in the next 3 years. That pact tied German and Italian economic, military and foreign policies together.
The pact agreed that:
- that in the event of war there would be mutual assistance between the countries.
- that neither nation would agree peace terms without the consent of the other nation.
- that there would be discussions about war planning and operations.
- that joint Propaganda efforts would be utilised.
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)
As Appeasement continued it became clear to Stalin that there would be a war in Europe. He wanted an anti-fascist alliance between the USSR, Britain and France. This never materialised, because Chamberlain did not trust the communists, Poland had not let in Soviet forces and Stalin did not believe that Western powers would defend the USSR in the event of war.
Stalin knew that war was inevitable but his army was not ready at the time. He could have either continued negotiations with Britain and France or signed the pact.
The pact promised that both sides would remain neutral in the event of a war. Poland was to be split down the middle, and the Baltic States were to be given to the USSR.
The Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, the attitudes of Stalin and Truman and the ideological differences between the superpowers.
The establishment and control of the Soviet satellite states; Cominform and Comecon. The growing involvement of the USA in Europe, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, Bizonia, the Berlin Blockade/Airlift and the formation of NATO. Military developments and the beginnings of the arms race.
The impact of Soviet rule on Hungary, Rakosi, de-Stalinisation and optimism, Nagy and his demands, Soviet reaction and uprising, the death of Nagy, the re-establishment of Soviet control and international reaction.
Teheran Conference (Dec. 1943)
Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt for the first time. The focus was on the victory against Germany and Japan. Britain and France agreed to open a second front against Germany in early 1944 by invading France, and in exchange Stalin would join the war against Japan once Germany was defeated.
The Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
The big three agreed on some points, such as the establishment of the UN, the division of Germany and free elections in Eastern Europe. They disagreed on compensation, Stalin wanted Manchuria and a communist government in Poland.
The Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
Roosevelt had been replaced by Truman who was much more anti-communist. They agreed that Germany should be split, that there would be higher reparations for Germany, and that war criminals were to be tried. Roosevelt did not inform Stalin about the atomic bomb, even though he dropped it on Japan a few days later.
The attitudes of Stalin and Truman and the ideological differences between the superpowers
The US political system was based on democracy and elections were free. Their economic system was based on the free market and capitalism. The USSR ideology was based on communism, placing the good of society before the individual. Industry and land would be owned by the state, not individuals. Russia was a one party state in which the people’s political and economic rights had been severely limited. To Americans the USSR was therefore viewed as an oppressive dictatorship.
Cominform and Comecon
Cominform was set up in Sept. 1947 by Stalin, to draw together the different European communist parties. Stalin's aim was to tighten control over the satellite states so that their style of communism would be closer to the Russian view. Eastern Europe was to be industrialised, collectivised and centralised. States were expected to trade primarily with Cominform members and all contacts with non-communist countries were to be discouraged.
The growing involvement of the USA in Europe
Towards the end of WW2, Roosevelt died. He had a good relationship with Stalin, but his successor, Truman, did not. He did not trust the Soviets to allow the free elections in Eastern Europe that they had promised at Yalta. His decision to use the atomic bomb without informing the Soviets made the feeling mutual. Truman attempted to reduce Soviet influence in Europe because they feared a Soviet block was being created.
The Truman Doctrine (March 1947)
The Truman doctrine was created when communists in Greece attempted to overthrow the government. The British troops who had helped liberate Greece in 1944 appealed to the USA for help. Truman responded that the USA “support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures". Greece and Turkey received large amounts of money and arms, and the communists were defeated. The Truman doctrine showed that the USA was committed to a policy of containing the spread of communism (containment), not just in Europe, but throughout the world, later including Korea and Vietnam.
The Marshall Plan
Many believed that the poor conditions after the end of WW2 would be ideal conditions for communism to spread. The success of the French and Italian communists parties in postwar elections showed this. The US secretary of state suggested that the USA help European companies rebuild their economies by giving them money, and also creating a market for US goods and preventing the spread of communism.
Bizonia
The postwar division of Germany into four zones later changed into just two zones, with the West being the US, British and French zones, and the East being the Soviet zone.
The Berlin Blockade (23 June 1948)
On the 23rd of June 1948 all road, raid and canal links between West Berlin and West Germany were closed. The Russian's aim was to force the West to withdraw from the city by reducing it to starvation point. The western powers were convinced that after Berlin would come West Germany, and decided to hold on. They decided to fly in supplies. They gambled that the USSR would not risk a war by shooting the planes down, and they were right.
The Blockade resulted in the collapse of wartime alliances between the West and the USSR. It resulted in the formation of NATO and was a psychological boost for the Western powers.
The formation of NATO (April 1949)
The West feared that the USSR would impose communism on countries that did not want it. This was shown by the USSR supporting communist uprisings in Greece and Czechoslovakia. In response to this the Western Eurpoean countries signed the Brussels Treaty in 1948, promising mutual assistance in the event of any of these countries being attacked. The Berlin Blockade reinforced the fears that the West already had and in April 1949 12 Western countries formed NATO. They agreed to consider an attack on any of the members of the organisation as an attack on all of the nations.
Military developments and the beginnings of the arms race
After the USSR saw that the USA had nuclear weapons, they were extremely concerned. This sparked an arms race. The USSR tested their first atomic bomb in 1949, but in 1952 the USA tested a H-bomb, more than 2500 times as powerful. They also developed missiles to carry these weapons and submarines to house these missiles. By the end of the 1950s both powers had enough warheads to destroy the planet many times over. The concept of MAD was born.
The impact of Soviet rule on Hungary
In December 1944 a provisional government was formed in Hungary. It was dominated by the communist party, and in April 1945 the communist party won an overall majority, and even though they lost their majority in November 1945, they formed a coalition and maintained key posts. In 18488 Hungary was declared a Socialist Workers Republic. Military aid and training was now provided by the Soviet Union, agriculture began to be collectivised, industry nationalised and Hungary joined, in January 1949, The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance which tied them economically to the Soviet Union and Soviet Satellite States.
Rakosi
When the Red Army liberated Hungary Rakosi was instated as Prime Minister. He used this to the advantage of the communist party by placing communists in most major government posts. He had the Foreign Secretary arrested, tried and executed for criticising the influence of Stalin on Hungarian issues. He slowly but surely got rid of opposition to a Soviet-style government, terming his method "Salami Tactics". In 1953 he was replaced as PM by Nagy, and removed from power altogether following the Hungarian Revolution.
De-Stalinisation and optimism
After Stalin died he was replaced by a more liberal cabinet. They issued amnesties to many of those imprisoned in the Gulags and at the same time purged the KGB of the most brutal of its agents. They encouraged Comintern members to adopt collective leadership strategies.
The impact of the Depression on international relations (1929-39)
High levels of unemployment contributed to extremism in many countries.
Under men such as Stresmann Germany started to recover. The Young and Dawes plan stabilised the German economy, but after the Wall St. Crash the US could no longer support Germany in the same way. The economy collapsed and contributed to Hitler's rise in power.
Manchurian Crisis (1931-33)
Favourable tariffs for US trade meant Japan was becoming irrelevant, Japanese wanted to improve their economy and show that they were still a strong nation through expansion of their territories.
A Japanese railway in Manchuria was vandalised and Japanese troops retaliated by invading the whole of Manchuria.
The Chinese appealed to the League of Nations, who passed a resolution saying Japan should withdraw, but they took a year to say so.
Abyssinia (1935-36)
Mussolini wanted to increase size of Italian empire to increase national prestige, gather additional raw materials for industry, and provide living space for an expanding population,
Abyssinia had raw materials and was located next to Eritrea, already part of the Italian empire. The failure of the LoN in Manchuria encouraged him.
In October 1935 Abyssinia was invaded by Italy. The LoN placed limited sanctions on Italy and did not restrict oil trade.
The consequences of the failure of the LoN
It became clear that the LoN would not use force to prevent conflicts, and that it was not united in its approach to dealing with conflict. It showed that larger powers who were not members (US, USSR) would not intervene unless their own interests were threatened.
What were Hitler's aims and policies with regard to the Treaty of Versailles?
He wanted to tear up the ToV, to create Grossdeutschland (a unified Germany encompassing all German speakers), and to acquire Lebensraum in the east.
1933: Communist Party banned, leaders put in concentration camps
1934: Leaves LoN, Disarmament Conference.
1935: Increases army size to 500k
1936: Re-occupies the Rhineland
1936: Signs the Anti-Comintern Pact with Italy & Japan, who agree to fight international communism
1938: Austria joins Germany in the Anschluss
1938: Annexes the Sudettenland
1939: Increases size of the German army to 950k
1939: Signs Nazi-Soviet Pact
1939: Invades Poland
1941: Declares war on USSR
Rhineland (1936)
An area of Germany bordering France. Considered economically and militarily important, was classified as a demilitarised zone in ToV.
By occupying Rhineland, Hitler would increase national morale, demonstrate that attitudes towards the ToV had changed, and that the Allies were weak and unable to take action.
On 7th March 1936 troops marched into the Rhineland. International response was mostly pro-German, but France viewed the re-occupation nervously.
Anschluss (1938)
Germany wanted to create a union between Germany and Austria. As support for the Nazis grew in Germany, it also grew in Austria. Hitler supported the Austrian Nazi Party. The Chancellor did not want to give the Nazis power. Nazis began to occupy government buildings and Hitler was ready to invade, but an Austrian Nazi leader was appointed as Chancellor.
The international response to the Anschluss was mixed, with some Austrians being thankful for it and some not. The British PM wanted to avoid war so he denounced it but stated that it would not have been avoidable without the use of force.
Appeasement
Chamberlain wanted to avoid the horrors of WWI all over again. He was happy to negotiate issues instead of going to war, and much of what Hitler was doing was viewed as fair. The LoN was supposed to deal with issues, not governments. The Depression meant that spending needed to be kept to a minimum, and German conscription was viewed as a way to combat unemployment.
Sudetenland (1938)
The Sudetenland was an area in Czechoslovakia that was ethically German. The German speaking minority wanted to be part of Germany. In 1938 German troops were ordered into positions along the border, which was meant to intimidate the Czech government, which responded by stationing troops on their side of the border. The tensions were diffused by the Munich Agreement, which gave the Sudetenland to Germany.
The Munich Agreement (1938)
Chamberlain negotiated a treaty that would give the Sudetenland to Germany together with the German, Italian and French governments. There was no Czech representation, and they were informed that if they did not accept the terms they would be held responsible for war.
German - Polish relations (1933-39)
In 1934 Germany and Poland signed a 10 year non-aggression pact. Germany wanted to weaken the friendship between France and Poland, and to weaken the influence of communism. Germany demanded
Pact of Steel (1939)
Germany & Italy signed a pact on May 22nd 1939. The pact was based on the assumption that war would break out in the next 3 years. That pact tied German and Italian economic, military and foreign policies together.
The pact agreed that:
- that in the event of war there would be mutual assistance between the countries.
- that neither nation would agree peace terms without the consent of the other nation.
- that there would be discussions about war planning and operations.
- that joint Propaganda efforts would be utilised.
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)
As Appeasement continued it became clear to Stalin that there would be a war in Europe. He wanted an anti-fascist alliance between the USSR, Britain and France. This never materialised, because Chamberlain did not trust the communists, Poland had not let in Soviet forces and Stalin did not believe that Western powers would defend the USSR in the event of war.
Stalin knew that war was inevitable but his army was not ready at the time. He could have either continued negotiations with Britain and France or signed the pact.
The pact promised that both sides would remain neutral in the event of a war. Poland was to be split down the middle, and the Baltic States were to be given to the USSR.
The Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, the attitudes of Stalin and Truman and the ideological differences between the superpowers.
The establishment and control of the Soviet satellite states; Cominform and Comecon. The growing involvement of the USA in Europe, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, Bizonia, the Berlin Blockade/Airlift and the formation of NATO. Military developments and the beginnings of the arms race.
The impact of Soviet rule on Hungary, Rakosi, de-Stalinisation and optimism, Nagy and his demands, Soviet reaction and uprising, the death of Nagy, the re-establishment of Soviet control and international reaction.
Teheran Conference (Dec. 1943)
Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt for the first time. The focus was on the victory against Germany and Japan. Britain and France agreed to open a second front against Germany in early 1944 by invading France, and in exchange Stalin would join the war against Japan once Germany was defeated.
The Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
The big three agreed on some points, such as the establishment of the UN, the division of Germany and free elections in Eastern Europe. They disagreed on compensation, Stalin wanted Manchuria and a communist government in Poland.
The Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
Roosevelt had been replaced by Truman who was much more anti-communist. They agreed that Germany should be split, that there would be higher reparations for Germany, and that war criminals were to be tried. Roosevelt did not inform Stalin about the atomic bomb, even though he dropped it on Japan a few days later.
The attitudes of Stalin and Truman and the ideological differences between the superpowers
The US political system was based on democracy and elections were free. Their economic system was based on the free market and capitalism. The USSR ideology was based on communism, placing the good of society before the individual. Industry and land would be owned by the state, not individuals. Russia was a one party state in which the people’s political and economic rights had been severely limited. To Americans the USSR was therefore viewed as an oppressive dictatorship.
Cominform and Comecon
Cominform was set up in Sept. 1947 by Stalin, to draw together the different European communist parties. Stalin's aim was to tighten control over the satellite states so that their style of communism would be closer to the Russian view. Eastern Europe was to be industrialised, collectivised and centralised. States were expected to trade primarily with Cominform members and all contacts with non-communist countries were to be discouraged.
The growing involvement of the USA in Europe
Towards the end of WW2, Roosevelt died. He had a good relationship with Stalin, but his successor, Truman, did not. He did not trust the Soviets to allow the free elections in Eastern Europe that they had promised at Yalta. His decision to use the atomic bomb without informing the Soviets made the feeling mutual. Truman attempted to reduce Soviet influence in Europe because they feared a Soviet block was being created.
The Truman Doctrine (March 1947)
The Truman doctrine was created when communists in Greece attempted to overthrow the government. The British troops who had helped liberate Greece in 1944 appealed to the USA for help. Truman responded that the USA “support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures". Greece and Turkey received large amounts of money and arms, and the communists were defeated. The Truman doctrine showed that the USA was committed to a policy of containing the spread of communism (containment), not just in Europe, but throughout the world, later including Korea and Vietnam.
The Marshall Plan
Many believed that the poor conditions after the end of WW2 would be ideal conditions for communism to spread. The success of the French and Italian communists parties in postwar elections showed this. The US secretary of state suggested that the USA help European companies rebuild their economies by giving them money, and also creating a market for US goods and preventing the spread of communism.
Bizonia
The postwar division of Germany into four zones later changed into just two zones, with the West being the US, British and French zones, and the East being the Soviet zone.
The Berlin Blockade (23 June 1948)
On the 23rd of June 1948 all road, raid and canal links between West Berlin and West Germany were closed. The Russian's aim was to force the West to withdraw from the city by reducing it to starvation point. The western powers were convinced that after Berlin would come West Germany, and decided to hold on. They decided to fly in supplies. They gambled that the USSR would not risk a war by shooting the planes down, and they were right.
The Blockade resulted in the collapse of wartime alliances between the West and the USSR. It resulted in the formation of NATO and was a psychological boost for the Western powers.
The formation of NATO (April 1949)
The West feared that the USSR would impose communism on countries that did not want it. This was shown by the USSR supporting communist uprisings in Greece and Czechoslovakia. In response to this the Western Eurpoean countries signed the Brussels Treaty in 1948, promising mutual assistance in the event of any of these countries being attacked. The Berlin Blockade reinforced the fears that the West already had and in April 1949 12 Western countries formed NATO. They agreed to consider an attack on any of the members of the organisation as an attack on all of the nations.
Military developments and the beginnings of the arms race
After the USSR saw that the USA had nuclear weapons, they were extremely concerned. This sparked an arms race. The USSR tested their first atomic bomb in 1949, but in 1952 the USA tested a H-bomb, more than 2500 times as powerful. They also developed missiles to carry these weapons and submarines to house these missiles. By the end of the 1950s both powers had enough warheads to destroy the planet many times over. The concept of MAD was born.
The impact of Soviet rule on Hungary
In December 1944 a provisional government was formed in Hungary. It was dominated by the communist party, and in April 1945 the communist party won an overall majority, and even though they lost their majority in November 1945, they formed a coalition and maintained key posts. In 18488 Hungary was declared a Socialist Workers Republic. Military aid and training was now provided by the Soviet Union, agriculture began to be collectivised, industry nationalised and Hungary joined, in January 1949, The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance which tied them economically to the Soviet Union and Soviet Satellite States.
Rakosi
When the Red Army liberated Hungary Rakosi was instated as Prime Minister. He used this to the advantage of the communist party by placing communists in most major government posts. He had the Foreign Secretary arrested, tried and executed for criticising the influence of Stalin on Hungarian issues. He slowly but surely got rid of opposition to a Soviet-style government, terming his method "Salami Tactics". In 1953 he was replaced as PM by Nagy, and removed from power altogether following the Hungarian Revolution.
De-Stalinisation and optimism
After Stalin died he was replaced by a more liberal cabinet. They issued amnesties to many of those imprisoned in the Gulags and at the same time purged the KGB of the most brutal of its agents. They encouraged Comintern members to adopt collective leadership strategies.
Original post by tw15st3d
i thought they agreed that states would have the choice of being capitalist or communist- they would get to choose and stalin disobeyed this and just installed communism.
No they said that they would make is a mixed kind of government
http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/announcement.php?f=141&a=629
I know we are all excited to talk about the exam but there is to be no discussion about this exam until 4:30am GMT tomorrow as they are taken all across the world.
Even saying whether the questions are easy or hard is against the rules.
I know we are all excited to talk about the exam but there is to be no discussion about this exam until 4:30am GMT tomorrow as they are taken all across the world.
Even saying whether the questions are easy or hard is against the rules.
So, how did everyone find it?
I found the 12 marker on Section 6 quite hard. Thought it was worded a bit weirdly.
I ended up talking about:
INF Treaty
Personal relationship developed at summits
And I had no idea for the 3rd point so I talked about Gorbachev changing his foreign representatives (I've handed my text book in now so can't remember if the exact wording) but It was something to do with Gorbachev replacing his 'aggressive' Soviet foreign representative to ease relations. I know that's wrong though.
What did everyone else put for that one?
I found the 12 marker on Section 6 quite hard. Thought it was worded a bit weirdly.
I ended up talking about:
INF Treaty
Personal relationship developed at summits
And I had no idea for the 3rd point so I talked about Gorbachev changing his foreign representatives (I've handed my text book in now so can't remember if the exact wording) but It was something to do with Gorbachev replacing his 'aggressive' Soviet foreign representative to ease relations. I know that's wrong though.
What did everyone else put for that one?
I did roughly the same for the section 6 12-marker - my first point was on Gorbachev's reforms (glasnost, perestroika) and how they made him popular in the West, the second on the summit meetings and the third on the INF Treaty.
The 12-marker for section 5 was a complete nightmare for me... I misunderstood what it meant by 'flashpoint'
The 12-marker for section 5 was a complete nightmare for me... I misunderstood what it meant by 'flashpoint'
Original post by shysybil.24
I did roughly the same for the section 6 12-marker - my first point was on Gorbachev's reforms (glasnost, perestroika) and how they made him popular in the West, the second on the summit meetings and the third on the INF Treaty.
The 12-marker for section 5 was a complete nightmare for me... I misunderstood what it meant by 'flashpoint'
The 12-marker for section 5 was a complete nightmare for me... I misunderstood what it meant by 'flashpoint'
me too!! so annoyed
i need 77 ums for an a* but i don't know if i will get it
and i messed up the last 12 mark question too
what do u think the grade boundaries will be???
June 2012 it was 51/60 for 90 UMS. They will be very high.
I think i messed up the flashpoint question, i had no idea what a flashpoint was?
Original post by NorwichCityFC
June 2012 it was 51/60 for 90 UMS. They will be very high.
but do you think this paper was harder in comparison?
and what about for an a?
sorry
Original post by Chloe_Atherton
I think i messed up the flashpoint question, i had no idea what a flashpoint was?
i think it means important event....
Original post by jongahead
i think it means important event....
that's how i answered the question, saying it was important on relations between the superpowers and on the economy and starting detente:/
(edited 10 years ago)
Original post by Chloe_Atherton
that's how i answered the question, saying it was important on relations between the superpowers and on the economy and starting detente:/
that sounds better than me... i got confused cos it said '1961-62' so i wrote about the summit where they disagreed and upped spending talking about it raising tension then the berlin wall and it stopping tension and then cuba and how the prolonged ease of tensions added to makin it a flashpoint...
is that right?
cos my friends all just wrote about cuba
Original post by jongahead
that sounds better than me... i got confused cos it said '1961-62' so i wrote about the summit where they disagreed and upped spending talking about it raising tension then the berlin wall and it stopping tension and then cuba and how the prolonged ease of tensions added to makin it a flashpoint...
is that right?
cos my friends all just wrote about cuba
is that right?
cos my friends all just wrote about cuba
That is probably right, The berlin wall is in those dates so thats fine, i just wrote about cuba though and how it was important, but i didnt know what a flashpoint was so i just guessed at what i was supposed to write:/
Original post by Chloe_Atherton
That is probably right, The berlin wall is in those dates so thats fine, i just wrote about cuba though and how it was important, but i didnt know what a flashpoint was so i just guessed at what i was supposed to write:/
yea, that sounds right cos thats what the majority of people i talked to have put.... i really hope its right or that i get at least 5...thanks - i was stressing over that since yesterday
Can someone remember the exact wording of the Section 5 12 marker? I thought it was solely on Cuba but people are talking about the Berlin Wall. Worried now
Original post by NorwichCityFC
Can someone remember the exact wording of the Section 5 12 marker? I thought it was solely on Cuba but people are talking about the Berlin Wall. Worried now
no u r right... i wrote about the berlin wall cos it said something like 'why was cuba a flashpoint between 1961-62' so i wrote about that... but i think its wrong cos most other people talked about cuba... will i get any marks at all if i mentioned cuba in one paragraph? if so how many??
(edited 10 years ago)
What was you actually supposed to write in that question, what is the definition of a flashpoint? i didnt know what the question was asking for:/
I just talked about the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Missile Crisis
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AQA A Level History - Making of Modern Britain(2S) Exam Chat - 9th June 2023
