Edexcel A2 Government & Politics route B: Political ideologies
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ecoooonomics
Distinguish between the nation and the state, and explain why the two are often confused. (15 marks)
How would you go about this?
really not sure, if anyone has this essay or ideas please let me know, I'll trade it for another essay if you like all of which are A/A* standard
How would you go about this?
really not sure, if anyone has this essay or ideas please let me know, I'll trade it for another essay if you like all of which are A/A* standard
I haven't done that question, but I imagine you would talk about what a nation 'is'. Nations have been based on language, religion, racial unity, and are ultimately defined subjectively by their members (and then use examples for each instance). Basically, nations can transcend borders and don't necessary enjoy the rights and status associated with 'the state' such as autonomy.
And maybe you could then talk about the nation-state?
shewasdeleted
I haven't done that question, but I imagine you would talk about what a nation 'is'. Nations have been based on language, religion, racial unity, and are ultimately defined subjectively by their members (and then use examples for each instance). Basically, nations can transcend borders and don't necessary enjoy the rights and status associated with 'the state' such as autonomy.
And maybe you could then talk about the nation-state?
And maybe you could then talk about the nation-state?
yehh i was thinking this was kind of how to do it
could you give me some sort of definition or explain what a nation-state is please? I hate this term it all kind of seems the same
ecoooonomics
yehh i was thinking this was kind of how to do it
could you give me some sort of definition or explain what a nation-state is please? I hate this term it all kind of seems the same
could you give me some sort of definition or explain what a nation-state is please? I hate this term it all kind of seems the same
The nation-state is a sovereign political body within which citizenship and nationality overlap. The boundaries of the nation therefore coincide with the borders of the state and this is expressed by J.S. Mill who said that the “boundaries of government should coincide with those of nationality.” This embodies self-government and popular sovereignty, and so has particularly appealed to liberal nationalists.
shewasdeleted
I haven't done that question, but I imagine you would talk about what a nation 'is'. Nations have been based on language, religion, racial unity, and are ultimately defined subjectively by their members (and then use examples for each instance). Basically, nations can transcend borders and don't necessary enjoy the rights and status associated with 'the state' such as autonomy.
And maybe you could then talk about the nation-state?
And maybe you could then talk about the nation-state?
you need to talk about how national conciousness usually is reflected in a desire to maintain or establish a state, and that they overlap in nation-states.
so the reason for confusion is that one tends to lead to the over, and the existance of the nation-state blurs the boundaries of the two.
Yo everyone, the feminism 45 markers that ive got are
"Feminism is characterised more by disagreement than agreement. Discuss
To what extent is feminism a single doctrine?
'There are liberal feminists, socialist feminists and radical feminists, but no conservative feminists. ' Discuss.
‘Feminism is compatible with many political doctrines, but not with conservatism.’ Discuss.
To what extent is feminism compatible with other political ideologies?"
and to me they all look pretty much the exact same question. Does anyone else have any other feminism 45 markers? Or are they all just generally gonna be along those lines?
"Feminism is characterised more by disagreement than agreement. Discuss
To what extent is feminism a single doctrine?
'There are liberal feminists, socialist feminists and radical feminists, but no conservative feminists. ' Discuss.
‘Feminism is compatible with many political doctrines, but not with conservatism.’ Discuss.
To what extent is feminism compatible with other political ideologies?"
and to me they all look pretty much the exact same question. Does anyone else have any other feminism 45 markers? Or are they all just generally gonna be along those lines?
m2dab
Yo everyone, the feminism 45 markers that ive got are
"Feminism is characterised more by disagreement than agreement. Discuss
To what extent is feminism a single doctrine?
'There are liberal feminists, socialist feminists and radical feminists, but no conservative feminists. ' Discuss.
‘Feminism is compatible with many political doctrines, but not with conservatism.’ Discuss.
To what extent is feminism compatible with other political ideologies?"
and to me they all look pretty much the exact same question. Does anyone else have any other feminism 45 markers? Or are they all just generally gonna be along those lines?
"Feminism is characterised more by disagreement than agreement. Discuss
To what extent is feminism a single doctrine?
'There are liberal feminists, socialist feminists and radical feminists, but no conservative feminists. ' Discuss.
‘Feminism is compatible with many political doctrines, but not with conservatism.’ Discuss.
To what extent is feminism compatible with other political ideologies?"
and to me they all look pretty much the exact same question. Does anyone else have any other feminism 45 markers? Or are they all just generally gonna be along those lines?
yeh I was thinking the same
I had one:
discuss whether feminists have achieved their aims since the 20th century
but still this is kind of the same i suppose, oh well only one essay to learn and then just adapt it so it makes it easier
ecoooonomics
yeh I was thinking the same
I had one:
discuss whether feminists have achieved their aims since the 20th century
but still this is kind of the same i suppose, oh well only one essay to learn and then just adapt it so it makes it easier
I had one:
discuss whether feminists have achieved their aims since the 20th century
but still this is kind of the same i suppose, oh well only one essay to learn and then just adapt it so it makes it easier
that essay would be kinda awkward if it came up, would you just go through the different types of feminism and relate it to whether they've achieved their aims or something?
-JJS-
Why have some feminists rejected the idea of gender equality?
any help?
any help?
this is basically the Difference feminist critique.
they say that equality makes women want to be like men - 'male identified' but actually they ought to embrace their differences, and bind together with shared experiences i.e. motherhood.
being male identified implies women want to be aggressive etc.
this is the same criticism of andyrogyny.
m2dab
that essay would be kinda awkward if it came up, would you just go through the different types of feminism and relate it to whether they've achieved their aims or something?
yeh it is a bit,
Ive done it as a practice essay and went through it with this structure:
1. equality - politically first wave explained all of that and evaluated by saying basically nowadays there is little representation of women in parliament etc
2. Liberation - sexual liberation to stop the patriachal structure explained all that about radical feminsits beliefs and achieving abortion and contraception, evaluating it by saying that it also liberated men too and until 1990 there was no law against rape in marriage which meant marriage was a patriachal institution etc.
3. economic liberation - breaking down the nuclear family achieving equal pays act etc. but even after the social charter less than 1% of executives in the city are women and in 2005 women made up 51% of the pop, did 66% of the work, had 10% of the income and only 1% of the property. Plus in the Uk women earn on average 30% less than men. so has it really liberated women fully.
hope that helps, just a rough outline of what I would do.
politicallyconfused
this is basically the Difference feminist critique.
they say that equality makes women want to be like men - 'male identified' but actually they ought to embrace their differences, and bind together with shared experiences i.e. motherhood.
being male identified implies women want to be aggressive etc.
this is the same criticism of andyrogyny.
they say that equality makes women want to be like men - 'male identified' but actually they ought to embrace their differences, and bind together with shared experiences i.e. motherhood.
being male identified implies women want to be aggressive etc.
this is the same criticism of andyrogyny.
can you explain what androgyny means please, just a quick definiton I've completely forgotten what it means
also do you know what essentialism is? thank youuuu
ecoooonomics
can you explain what androgyny means please, just a quick definiton I've completely forgotten what it means
also do you know what essentialism is? thank youuuu
also do you know what essentialism is? thank youuuu
androgyny refers to genederless human nature. some definitions will say it's encompassing both male and female parts, but the idea is that it's without a gender.
and essentialism.. as far as I understand, it's basically saying that differences in society are a reflection of biological differences, which are neccessary to existence, and i think it is also held that these differences make women superior to men.
(i'm not entirely sure.)
you guys all seem so.... PREPARED!!!
politicallyconfused
androgyny refers to genederless human nature. some definitions will say it's encompassing both male and female parts, but the idea is that it's without a gender.
and essentialism.. as far as I understand, it's basically saying that differences in society are a reflection of biological differences, which are neccessary to existence, and i think it is also held that these differences make women superior to men.
(i'm not entirely sure.)
and essentialism.. as far as I understand, it's basically saying that differences in society are a reflection of biological differences, which are neccessary to existence, and i think it is also held that these differences make women superior to men.
(i'm not entirely sure.)
it doesnt necessarily make them superior! it just holds that sexual differences do hold significance in the polito-social realm aka public life
I have these notes on nationalism, not sure if they will be any help and it's quite basic. There's also probably a lot of typos! I would really appreciate the feminism essay plans though if you're sharing and we could just post them here.
NATIONALISM
Nations, states and nation-states
• Nation = a group of people who consider themselves to have common circumstance of birth. These common circumstances are strong enough for them to adopt collective goals based on their national identity. Nationalism is therefore an emotional phenomenon felt by a people. May be others dispute whether such a group constitutes a nation, less important than fact that the people believe themselves to be a nation.
No. of typical circumstances that give rise to nationhood. Single common ancestor = Jewish nation, Jews share Abraham as a common ancestor with the Arabs but claim a later division between the 2 nations. Geographical separation = Malta, the Maltese are an island people with a strong national identity. Religion = Tibet, the Tibetan people all owe allegiance to a single religious leader the Dalai Lama, who defines their identity. Language = Wales, the Welsh see their cultural identity in terms of their language and the culture it carries with it
•State = a political reality, does not convey a people’s state of mind or emotion. There are national groupings such as the Basques of northern Spain and France that aspire to statehood but until that aspiration is realised no state actually exists. Nations on the other hand can exist even when there is no state representing them.
A state is a defined territory within which there is a centre of sovereignty which is in control of that territory. ‘failed state’ = a territory where there are no political institutions that can claim to control the territory effectively e.g. Afghanistan, since most of the country has been controlled by warlords
• Nation-states = origin of merging of nation and state is French Revolution. The old state dissolved and a new one established, declared the French people were collectively free and had established right to self-determination, therefore nation acknowledged to be the basis of the new political community. The new political community was to guarantee individual rights. It was assumed a state based on the nation would ensure such rights.
Races and nations
• Confusing, not surprising bc many nations consider themselves to be a race e.g. the Japanese, Jews and Malays. However a race is not necessarily a nation and nations can contain more than one racial grouping as is the case with the Chinese and English. Synthesis of race and nation in extreme right-wing fascist movement e.g the German idea of volk, Johann Fichte saw his people as a volk in that they were close-knit culture based on narrow racial grouping which had formed a superior culture and civilization in the Middle Ages
Idea that common blood ties make up a nation can give rise to a no. of problems: promote a sense of exclusiveness so that those who can’t demonstrate such a demonstration be excluded from society – occurred in Nazi Germany and under Apartheid regime in South Africa. Even more sinister = led to ideas of racial and therefore national superiority, arises from Social Darwinist view of the world.
Race as a basis for nationhood should be generally treated with great caution, clearly an imp factoring some parts of the world, but only one of several components of nationalism. Furthermore the synthesis of race and nation has often led to distorted and dangerous views of the world based on partial truth and dubious science
Core values = independence, self-determination and organic soicety
Independence
•Achieving independence from other states a core values of nationalists
•Nationalist movements generally seek total political independence. Particularly imp when nations ruled by imperialist powers
•can also be imp in relation to supranational bodies such as EU. Many nationalists in Europe oppose further political integration on grounds it will threaten national independence.
•Many of poorest nations seek to assert independence from imperialism of international bodies. Thus World Bank, IMF and WTO seen as threats to national independence bc their policies demand a large degree of economic control. States such as Venezuela sought to free themselves from this.
•Some exceptions, 3 in UK: Welsh nationalism on the whole to defend Welsh culture from dominance by England, idea of sovereign welsh state supported by only a v small group. Most simply want to be recognised as separate culture.
Unionists in NI wish to remain firmly within UK and like the welsh seek to defend their own brand of Protestant/Irish/british culture mainly against the influence of Irish Catholicism
English nationalism a small movement with virtually no political manifestation, as a cultural idea does exist in minds of its people, part of nationalist aspiration is to maintain UK, desire to separate England from others and create a new independent state is virtually non-existent.
Self determination
•General principle of democratic politics that a people have fundamental right to determine how they are governed. Idea proposed in late 17thC by John Locke and has been enshrined in countless constitutions. What constitutes a people? – nation is most natural unit
•Origins and aspirations of nationalism based on this principle have varied according to circumstances preventing self-determination: Imperialism = people who have been subject to govt by foreign power wish to throw off subjugation and form own sovereign state e.g long struggle for independence from Britain by Indian nationalists. Sovereignty = national grouping enjoyed a degree of self-govt but fallen short of full sovereignty e.g. Catalonian nationalism in Spain. Oppression = people who have been subsumed into larger oppressive regime may seek self-determination to escape from that oppression. E.g. Tibetans who were annexed by a repressive comm. Regime in china. Diaspora = national grouping that are scattered and subject to rule by many diff states, nationalist movement may seek to unite such a people and to achieve self-determination. Jews in Israel clearest example. External threat = concerns nations that enjoy own sovereignty but are in danger of losing it as a result of annexation, spring up as a defensive force. Poland experienced this a no. of times as has been constantly threatened from both East and West by Russia and Germany.
Organic society
•A people’s common sense of nationality will bring them together into a single entity that will stand above the individual and have a life of its own. = 2 identities, one as sovereign individual enjoying rights and liberties, other as a member of a nation – a higher allegiance which may transcend individual identity. E.g. times of war and tendency to feel strong emotional attachments to national symbols and become patriotic at times of national sporting rivalry
•= we are bound together by ties that rival those of families, friendships and occupational units. This sense of ‘oneness’ = organic society.
Chauvinism
= a sense of national superiority. Associated w/ conservative nationalism, with regards to sense of superiority as a means of uniting a people. Can be displayed in exaggerated sense of patriotism or jingoism – a slavish, emotional attachment to nationalist symbols e.g. flags and anthems
Hegemony
= domination of one culture over another, doesn’t necessarily mean complete political control.
Globalisation
•Seen as long term threat to the future of nation-states. Increasing level of interdependence between states + fact that many global problems don’t recognise national borders led to belief that division of govt into many diff states becoming an irrelevance
•World moves increasingly towards free trade, global rather than national markets rendered national goats powerless to control economic forces. Good deal of control over trade now passed to international bodies such as International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organisation, internationalisation of financial markets too has marginalised role of national banking
• Environ issues don’t respect national borders, control over emissions, heath of seas and protection of endangered species all international problems
•Many libs welcome these developments, see globalisation as an opportunity to restore importance of regional and local govt which they consider to be more democratic and accountable to people. Power of nation-states often seen as threat to democracy and human rights, by reducing their power globalisation will empower individuals enabling them to be free citizens of the world not merely subjects of nation-states. Not to say libs would abolish nation-state altogether, just favour dissipation of power into diff levels of govt
•Conservatives staunch defenders of nation-states. Fear accumulation of power in supranational bodies such as WTO and EU. See democracy in terms of the nation which is the natural unit of govt
•Development of EU perhaps greatest threat to institution of the independent nation-state. Champions of EU argue economic and pol independence must inevitably decline however founder of European Community Jean Monnet didn’t foresee demise of nation state, saw long term future of Europe as a singly economic and political entity within which national cultures would still exist, for him idea of nation was fundamentally cultural in nature + could therefore survive inevitable drift towards supranationalism in other spheres = those who support European integration are happy to weaken individual states but wish to preserve national identities.
Types:
Liberal nationalism
-influence of enlightenment led nationalists to believe nation-state was ultimate expression of rational govt
- philosophy of natural rights concluded that absolute rulers had denied such rights in the interest of state security. Thomas Hobbes had argued the sacrifice of rights could be made to any ruler who could guarantee order, not enough for early liberals. By confining the state with national identity these libs provided a stronger basis.
Conservative nationalism
Right-wing nationalism
Cultural nationalism
Post-colonial nationalism
Socialist nationalism
NATIONALISM
Nations, states and nation-states
• Nation = a group of people who consider themselves to have common circumstance of birth. These common circumstances are strong enough for them to adopt collective goals based on their national identity. Nationalism is therefore an emotional phenomenon felt by a people. May be others dispute whether such a group constitutes a nation, less important than fact that the people believe themselves to be a nation.
No. of typical circumstances that give rise to nationhood. Single common ancestor = Jewish nation, Jews share Abraham as a common ancestor with the Arabs but claim a later division between the 2 nations. Geographical separation = Malta, the Maltese are an island people with a strong national identity. Religion = Tibet, the Tibetan people all owe allegiance to a single religious leader the Dalai Lama, who defines their identity. Language = Wales, the Welsh see their cultural identity in terms of their language and the culture it carries with it
•State = a political reality, does not convey a people’s state of mind or emotion. There are national groupings such as the Basques of northern Spain and France that aspire to statehood but until that aspiration is realised no state actually exists. Nations on the other hand can exist even when there is no state representing them.
A state is a defined territory within which there is a centre of sovereignty which is in control of that territory. ‘failed state’ = a territory where there are no political institutions that can claim to control the territory effectively e.g. Afghanistan, since most of the country has been controlled by warlords
• Nation-states = origin of merging of nation and state is French Revolution. The old state dissolved and a new one established, declared the French people were collectively free and had established right to self-determination, therefore nation acknowledged to be the basis of the new political community. The new political community was to guarantee individual rights. It was assumed a state based on the nation would ensure such rights.
Races and nations
• Confusing, not surprising bc many nations consider themselves to be a race e.g. the Japanese, Jews and Malays. However a race is not necessarily a nation and nations can contain more than one racial grouping as is the case with the Chinese and English. Synthesis of race and nation in extreme right-wing fascist movement e.g the German idea of volk, Johann Fichte saw his people as a volk in that they were close-knit culture based on narrow racial grouping which had formed a superior culture and civilization in the Middle Ages
Idea that common blood ties make up a nation can give rise to a no. of problems: promote a sense of exclusiveness so that those who can’t demonstrate such a demonstration be excluded from society – occurred in Nazi Germany and under Apartheid regime in South Africa. Even more sinister = led to ideas of racial and therefore national superiority, arises from Social Darwinist view of the world.
Race as a basis for nationhood should be generally treated with great caution, clearly an imp factoring some parts of the world, but only one of several components of nationalism. Furthermore the synthesis of race and nation has often led to distorted and dangerous views of the world based on partial truth and dubious science
Core values = independence, self-determination and organic soicety
Independence
•Achieving independence from other states a core values of nationalists
•Nationalist movements generally seek total political independence. Particularly imp when nations ruled by imperialist powers
•can also be imp in relation to supranational bodies such as EU. Many nationalists in Europe oppose further political integration on grounds it will threaten national independence.
•Many of poorest nations seek to assert independence from imperialism of international bodies. Thus World Bank, IMF and WTO seen as threats to national independence bc their policies demand a large degree of economic control. States such as Venezuela sought to free themselves from this.
•Some exceptions, 3 in UK: Welsh nationalism on the whole to defend Welsh culture from dominance by England, idea of sovereign welsh state supported by only a v small group. Most simply want to be recognised as separate culture.
Unionists in NI wish to remain firmly within UK and like the welsh seek to defend their own brand of Protestant/Irish/british culture mainly against the influence of Irish Catholicism
English nationalism a small movement with virtually no political manifestation, as a cultural idea does exist in minds of its people, part of nationalist aspiration is to maintain UK, desire to separate England from others and create a new independent state is virtually non-existent.
Self determination
•General principle of democratic politics that a people have fundamental right to determine how they are governed. Idea proposed in late 17thC by John Locke and has been enshrined in countless constitutions. What constitutes a people? – nation is most natural unit
•Origins and aspirations of nationalism based on this principle have varied according to circumstances preventing self-determination: Imperialism = people who have been subject to govt by foreign power wish to throw off subjugation and form own sovereign state e.g long struggle for independence from Britain by Indian nationalists. Sovereignty = national grouping enjoyed a degree of self-govt but fallen short of full sovereignty e.g. Catalonian nationalism in Spain. Oppression = people who have been subsumed into larger oppressive regime may seek self-determination to escape from that oppression. E.g. Tibetans who were annexed by a repressive comm. Regime in china. Diaspora = national grouping that are scattered and subject to rule by many diff states, nationalist movement may seek to unite such a people and to achieve self-determination. Jews in Israel clearest example. External threat = concerns nations that enjoy own sovereignty but are in danger of losing it as a result of annexation, spring up as a defensive force. Poland experienced this a no. of times as has been constantly threatened from both East and West by Russia and Germany.
Organic society
•A people’s common sense of nationality will bring them together into a single entity that will stand above the individual and have a life of its own. = 2 identities, one as sovereign individual enjoying rights and liberties, other as a member of a nation – a higher allegiance which may transcend individual identity. E.g. times of war and tendency to feel strong emotional attachments to national symbols and become patriotic at times of national sporting rivalry
•= we are bound together by ties that rival those of families, friendships and occupational units. This sense of ‘oneness’ = organic society.
Chauvinism
= a sense of national superiority. Associated w/ conservative nationalism, with regards to sense of superiority as a means of uniting a people. Can be displayed in exaggerated sense of patriotism or jingoism – a slavish, emotional attachment to nationalist symbols e.g. flags and anthems
Hegemony
= domination of one culture over another, doesn’t necessarily mean complete political control.
Globalisation
•Seen as long term threat to the future of nation-states. Increasing level of interdependence between states + fact that many global problems don’t recognise national borders led to belief that division of govt into many diff states becoming an irrelevance
•World moves increasingly towards free trade, global rather than national markets rendered national goats powerless to control economic forces. Good deal of control over trade now passed to international bodies such as International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organisation, internationalisation of financial markets too has marginalised role of national banking
• Environ issues don’t respect national borders, control over emissions, heath of seas and protection of endangered species all international problems
•Many libs welcome these developments, see globalisation as an opportunity to restore importance of regional and local govt which they consider to be more democratic and accountable to people. Power of nation-states often seen as threat to democracy and human rights, by reducing their power globalisation will empower individuals enabling them to be free citizens of the world not merely subjects of nation-states. Not to say libs would abolish nation-state altogether, just favour dissipation of power into diff levels of govt
•Conservatives staunch defenders of nation-states. Fear accumulation of power in supranational bodies such as WTO and EU. See democracy in terms of the nation which is the natural unit of govt
•Development of EU perhaps greatest threat to institution of the independent nation-state. Champions of EU argue economic and pol independence must inevitably decline however founder of European Community Jean Monnet didn’t foresee demise of nation state, saw long term future of Europe as a singly economic and political entity within which national cultures would still exist, for him idea of nation was fundamentally cultural in nature + could therefore survive inevitable drift towards supranationalism in other spheres = those who support European integration are happy to weaken individual states but wish to preserve national identities.
Types:
Liberal nationalism
-influence of enlightenment led nationalists to believe nation-state was ultimate expression of rational govt
- philosophy of natural rights concluded that absolute rulers had denied such rights in the interest of state security. Thomas Hobbes had argued the sacrifice of rights could be made to any ruler who could guarantee order, not enough for early liberals. By confining the state with national identity these libs provided a stronger basis.
Conservative nationalism
Right-wing nationalism
Cultural nationalism
Post-colonial nationalism
Socialist nationalism
YOU LEGEND
that helps so much mate i cant tell you.
"Introduction:
- some feminists have chosen to embrace conventional ideologies wheras some have seen feminism as separate in its own right
Paragraph 1 – Liberal feminism:
- Feminism emerged in the 18th and 19th century with books like Woolestonecrafts ‘a vindication of womens rights’ and Mill’s ‘on the Subjugation of women’. This prompted liberals to be sympathetic to feminist views.
- Liberals view people as individuals rewarded on personal merit.
- Therefore both women and men should be treated equally.
- Female suffragettes believed that being given the vote would place women on equal footing with men (equal public sphere opportunities)
- Friedan challenged the idea that women are happy in domestic roles.
- Liberal feminism may only deal with the problems of white middle class women.
Paragraph 2 – Radical Feminsm:
- Radical feminists object to liberal individualism because they believe its based the idea of women being treated like men.
- They believe ‘the personal is political’
- Patriarchy is the main form of oppression in society. (Family is run by male dominance and this is reflected in society).
- Millets ‘Sexual Politics’ said ‘male dominates female, and elder male dominates younger’.
- Female liberation requires sexual revolution where patriarchy is overthrown.
- Difference feminists see women and men as fundamentally different and should not be treated the same, women are essentially better than men.
- This led to political lesbianism and all female communities.
- However some feminists don’t believe sexual preference should interfere in politics.
Paragraph 3 – Socialist Feminism:
- It is Capitalism that brings about patriarchy therefore women should join the socialist movement to abolish patriarchy.
- Engles believed that womens position in society had changed since the introduction of capitalism (was higher before).
- Women being forced to private sphere existence serves the economic interests of capitalism by ‘breeding the next generation of capitalist workers’
- Traditional family gives capitalist workers a strong incentive for profit to feed their family.
- However in state – socialist societies women’s position was not any progressed at all.
Paragraph 4 – Conservative Feminism:
- Difference Feminists believe in the roles of men and women are distinctly different
- Women have a natural disposition to more creative caring side of things, this fits in well with conservatives view of the traditional woman.
- Conservatives see change as a step into the unknown.
- Socialist and radical feminists views of revolution are seen as extremely unwise.
Paragraph 5 – Eco-feminism and Anarchist Feminism:
- Female oppression is a by product of state oppression, therefore get rid of the state and get rid of female oppression.
- Eco-feminists believe patriarchy is what is causing environmental damage, overthrowing patriarchy would lead to a more environmentally sound society.
Conclusion:
- Feminism is open to interpretation therefore is compatible with many ideologies.
- However many feminists believe it should be its own ideology so not to be tainted by the views of the more ‘conventional’ ideologies. "
this is a rough essay plan that fits to pretty much all feminism essays. Hope it helps.
that helps so much mate i cant tell you.
"Introduction:
- some feminists have chosen to embrace conventional ideologies wheras some have seen feminism as separate in its own right
Paragraph 1 – Liberal feminism:
- Feminism emerged in the 18th and 19th century with books like Woolestonecrafts ‘a vindication of womens rights’ and Mill’s ‘on the Subjugation of women’. This prompted liberals to be sympathetic to feminist views.
- Liberals view people as individuals rewarded on personal merit.
- Therefore both women and men should be treated equally.
- Female suffragettes believed that being given the vote would place women on equal footing with men (equal public sphere opportunities)
- Friedan challenged the idea that women are happy in domestic roles.
- Liberal feminism may only deal with the problems of white middle class women.
Paragraph 2 – Radical Feminsm:
- Radical feminists object to liberal individualism because they believe its based the idea of women being treated like men.
- They believe ‘the personal is political’
- Patriarchy is the main form of oppression in society. (Family is run by male dominance and this is reflected in society).
- Millets ‘Sexual Politics’ said ‘male dominates female, and elder male dominates younger’.
- Female liberation requires sexual revolution where patriarchy is overthrown.
- Difference feminists see women and men as fundamentally different and should not be treated the same, women are essentially better than men.
- This led to political lesbianism and all female communities.
- However some feminists don’t believe sexual preference should interfere in politics.
Paragraph 3 – Socialist Feminism:
- It is Capitalism that brings about patriarchy therefore women should join the socialist movement to abolish patriarchy.
- Engles believed that womens position in society had changed since the introduction of capitalism (was higher before).
- Women being forced to private sphere existence serves the economic interests of capitalism by ‘breeding the next generation of capitalist workers’
- Traditional family gives capitalist workers a strong incentive for profit to feed their family.
- However in state – socialist societies women’s position was not any progressed at all.
Paragraph 4 – Conservative Feminism:
- Difference Feminists believe in the roles of men and women are distinctly different
- Women have a natural disposition to more creative caring side of things, this fits in well with conservatives view of the traditional woman.
- Conservatives see change as a step into the unknown.
- Socialist and radical feminists views of revolution are seen as extremely unwise.
Paragraph 5 – Eco-feminism and Anarchist Feminism:
- Female oppression is a by product of state oppression, therefore get rid of the state and get rid of female oppression.
- Eco-feminists believe patriarchy is what is causing environmental damage, overthrowing patriarchy would lead to a more environmentally sound society.
Conclusion:
- Feminism is open to interpretation therefore is compatible with many ideologies.
- However many feminists believe it should be its own ideology so not to be tainted by the views of the more ‘conventional’ ideologies. "
this is a rough essay plan that fits to pretty much all feminism essays. Hope it helps.
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- Edexcel A Level Politics Paper 1 (9PL0 01) - 21st May 2024 [Exam Chat]
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