[Leeshur]

I'm down for doing an all nighter. Been playing Dragon Age 'cos I'm sick of going over bits but now I feel guilty.

Can't wait till all the exams are over so we can all finally chill. It's been a long 2 years.

[nash_4_lyf]

Add me to the list of all nighters

Need to go over Gender and relationships, they are both not staying in my head. Anyone have summaries or anything of each of those topics?

[nash_4_lyf]

(Original post by WrongSideUp)
You guys seem very confident about sleeping disorders but I'm not so happy. Could I get a answer to a typical question for each of the three? I'd really appreciate it!

This is my essay plan for the topic :
AO1
Causes of insomnia: secondary insomnia – insomnia is a symptom and there is another underlying medical, psychiatric or environmental cause.
Primary insomnia: occurs on its own with no known cause, for more than a month.
Risk factors influencing insomnia
Age and gender – older people are more likely to suffer from insomnia. In older people, increasing physical problems = arthritis or diabetes may disrupt sleep and lead to insomnia. Increased incidence of insomnia in women is due to age-related hormonal fluctuations – menopause.
Sleep apnoea or other parasomnias (snoring, sleepwalking, teeth grinding) have a major disruptive effect on sleep.
Personality may be a factor in insomnia. Insomniacs were more likely to internalise psychological disturbance rather than acting out problems or being aggressive. The researchers proposed that internalisation leads to higher levels of emotional arousal and increased likelihood of feeling anxious, and that this is a risk factor for insomnia.
Explanations for narcolepsy
REM – 1960s = view that it was linked to a malfunction in the system that regulates REM sleep. Also explained classic symptoms of narcolepsy = lack of muscle tone (cataplexy).
Hypocretin – link between the neurotransmitter Hypocretin and narcolepsy. Hypocretins play an important role in maintaining wakefulness. Evidence = narcoleptic dogs had a mutation in a gene on chromosome 12 (disputes the processing of Hypocretin).

AO2
Causes of insomnia
Recent research casts doubt on whether insomnia is just an effect. It may be the cause. A study of almost 15,000 Europeans found that insomnia more often preceded than followed cases of mood disorder. This means that in some cases it is important to treat insomnia regardless of whether it is a primary or secondary effect.
Risk factors influencing insomnia
Spielman and Glovinsky propose a distinction between predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating components. Predisposing factors include genetic vulnerability for insomnia. Evidence = twin studies, Watson et al. = 50% of the variance in the risk for insomnia could be attributed to genetic factors. Research also suggests that physiological factors may predispose a person to develop insomnia. E.G. = it’s been found that insomniacs are more likely to experience hyper arousal (would make it more difficult to get to sleep) both when awake and asleep. This explains why only some people develop insomnia in response to stress, jet lag etc. However predisposing factors = not enough to develop chronic insomnia. The diathesis-stress model = vulnerability alone is not enough for a disorder to develop; environmental stressors are needed to trigger the disorder to develop (stress or environmental change).
Perpetuating factors are important (factors which maintain insomnia when the original cause have disappeared or been treated).
Treatment of insomnia
Treatments include relaxation techniques and improving sleep hygiene. Phototherapy can be used for circadian disruption. Sedatives, anti anxiety drugs and melatonin can be used. More psychological techniques can also be used, including attribution theory, sleep restriction theory and reconditioning.
The REM hypothesis: Vogel observed REM sleep in a narcoleptic patient. Supported by neuron activity in the brainstem of narcoleptic dogs that showed that cataplexy is linked to the activation of cells that in normal animals are active only in REM sleep.
Hypocretins: Findings from narcoleptic dogs have been confirmed in human studies = they had lower levels of Hypocretin in their cerebrospinal fluid. Low levels of Hypocretins are unlikely to be due to inherited factors = human narcolepsy doesn’t run in families and is not concurrent in twins. The reduction of Hypocretin may be due to brain injury, infection, diet or stress or the result of an auto immune attack. This could explain the HLA link with narcolepsy because of the role of HLA in the immune response.

AO3
Chronic insomnia – it is unlikely to be explained by one single factor. This makes it difficult to conduct research because studies only find small effects.

Individual differences – insomnia affects individuals in different ways, therefore research can not be generalised.


I have to learn it though.

[Tpos]

All you all-nighter people someone in my class who was doing sleeping, came across research which said nothing goes in a person's head at/after 2am! Just Saying.

[nash_4_lyf]

(Original post by Tpos)
All you all-nighter people someone in my class who was doing sleeping, came across research which said nothing goes in a person's head at/after 2am! Just Saying.

AHHH ****.

[PieEatingHorses]

(Original post by Tpos)
All you all-nighter people someone in my class who was doing sleeping, came across research which said nothing goes in a person's head at/after 2am! Just Saying.

Individual differences.

[Naf*]

(Original post by PieEatingHorses)
Well I am..... But it's up to you if you choose to, and they come up we can both jump of the bridge together.

Really can't afford to jump off the bridge.. I think il give it a read and forget memorising key studies so if it does come up you have a jist like you'd be able to chat a few marks.. And then just blag about refuctionism and free will..

[Naf*]

(Original post by nash_4_lyf)
Add me to the list of all nighters

Need to go over Gender and relationships, they are both not staying in my head. Anyone have summaries or anything of each of those topics?

Same been doing aggression since 4... Still not finished as don't know how I'm gna get relationships and eating behaviour! Just wanna scream

[Brap4k22DivideBy2]

(Original post by PieEatingHorses)
Individual differences.

I was just about to say that.

Real life application ??

[Leeshur]

(Original post by nash_4_lyf)
Add me to the list of all nighters

Need to go over Gender and relationships, they are both not staying in my head. Anyone have summaries or anything of each of those topics?

In terms of relationships, don't spend too much time on breakdown/formation because they already came up in past papers. Breakdown was an essay question for Jan 2012.

We all feel like maintenance has a high chance of coming up, so you can focus on Social Exchange theory and Equity Theory.
For Social Exchange, I've got this mnemonic: SBCI to outline the 4 stages of long term relationships. (which falls under maintenance).

Sampling - couples explore the rewards/costs of a variety of relationships.
Bargaining - couple "costs out" the relationship and identifies the sources of profit and loss.
Commitment - the couple settles into a relationship and the exchange of rewards becomes relatively predictable.
Institutionalisation - interactions are established, couple settles down.

Also, remember comparison levels and comparison levels for alternatives. A person who feels that they're not maximising rewards in their relationship may look at the benefits of an alternative relationship. We reference past experiences with current ones, if the current relationship proves to be better than old relationships, we are motivated to stay and maintain that relatiosnhip.
If the alternative relationship proves to be more favourable, it may lead to a person feel motivated to finish the pre-existing one.

In general, the social exchange theory is inherently selfish. Studies have also shown that in relationships, partners prefer there to be a sense of equity rather than solely maximising rewards and minimising costs.

cba to type out equity theory but it's basically about maintaining fairness in a relationship. If the relationship doesn't feel equal, it leads to a sense of dissatisfaction which can eventually lead to relationship breakdown.
It's basically a more in-depth version of social exchange.

There was a study about newlyweds being asked about what both partners contributed to relationships and their levels of contentment.
Unsurprisingly enough, underbenefited couples/people had the lowest levels of contentment.
However, the highest levels of contentment were not found in overbenefited couples, but rather couples that maintained a sense of equity.

There's gender differences too which you can use to critique these theories. Males who were overbenefited had similar/the same levels of contentment as those couples that maintained the aforementioned sense of equity.
Overbenefited females were the inverse, because being overbenefited may lead to a sense of guilt.


Someone mentioned that these relationship studies are heterosexually biased, they don't consider homosexual relationships which may not adhere to what these explanations/theories dictate. This means that it's reductionist (I think), and therefore means that it has low ecological validity - limited application.

[WrongSideUp]

(Original post by nash_4_lyf)
This is my essay plan for the topic :
AO1
Causes of insomnia: secondary insomnia – insomnia is a symptom and there is another underlying medical, psychiatric or environmental cause.
Primary insomnia: occurs on its own with no known cause, for more than a month.
Risk factors influencing insomnia
Age and gender – older people are more likely to suffer from insomnia. In older people, increasing physical problems = arthritis or diabetes may disrupt sleep and lead to insomnia. Increased incidence of insomnia in women is due to age-related hormonal fluctuations – menopause.
Sleep apnoea or other parasomnias (snoring, sleepwalking, teeth grinding) have a major disruptive effect on sleep.
Personality may be a factor in insomnia. Insomniacs were more likely to internalise psychological disturbance rather than acting out problems or being aggressive. The researchers proposed that internalisation leads to higher levels of emotional arousal and increased likelihood of feeling anxious, and that this is a risk factor for insomnia.
Explanations for narcolepsy
REM – 1960s = view that it was linked to a malfunction in the system that regulates REM sleep. Also explained classic symptoms of narcolepsy = lack of muscle tone (cataplexy).
Hypocretin – link between the neurotransmitter Hypocretin and narcolepsy. Hypocretins play an important role in maintaining wakefulness. Evidence = narcoleptic dogs had a mutation in a gene on chromosome 12 (disputes the processing of Hypocretin).

AO2
Causes of insomnia
Recent research casts doubt on whether insomnia is just an effect. It may be the cause. A study of almost 15,000 Europeans found that insomnia more often preceded than followed cases of mood disorder. This means that in some cases it is important to treat insomnia regardless of whether it is a primary or secondary effect.
Risk factors influencing insomnia
Spielman and Glovinsky propose a distinction between predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating components. Predisposing factors include genetic vulnerability for insomnia. Evidence = twin studies, Watson et al. = 50% of the variance in the risk for insomnia could be attributed to genetic factors. Research also suggests that physiological factors may predispose a person to develop insomnia. E.G. = it’s been found that insomniacs are more likely to experience hyper arousal (would make it more difficult to get to sleep) both when awake and asleep. This explains why only some people develop insomnia in response to stress, jet lag etc. However predisposing factors = not enough to develop chronic insomnia. The diathesis-stress model = vulnerability alone is not enough for a disorder to develop; environmental stressors are needed to trigger the disorder to develop (stress or environmental change).
Perpetuating factors are important (factors which maintain insomnia when the original cause have disappeared or been treated).
Treatment of insomnia
Treatments include relaxation techniques and improving sleep hygiene. Phototherapy can be used for circadian disruption. Sedatives, anti anxiety drugs and melatonin can be used. More psychological techniques can also be used, including attribution theory, sleep restriction theory and reconditioning.
The REM hypothesis: Vogel observed REM sleep in a narcoleptic patient. Supported by neuron activity in the brainstem of narcoleptic dogs that showed that cataplexy is linked to the activation of cells that in normal animals are active only in REM sleep.
Hypocretins: Findings from narcoleptic dogs have been confirmed in human studies = they had lower levels of Hypocretin in their cerebrospinal fluid. Low levels of Hypocretins are unlikely to be due to inherited factors = human narcolepsy doesn’t run in families and is not concurrent in twins. The reduction of Hypocretin may be due to brain injury, infection, diet or stress or the result of an auto immune attack. This could explain the HLA link with narcolepsy because of the role of HLA in the immune response.

AO3
Chronic insomnia – it is unlikely to be explained by one single factor. This makes it difficult to conduct research because studies only find small effects.

Individual differences – insomnia affects individuals in different ways, therefore research can not be generalised.


I have to learn it though.

Thank you very much, I appreciate the help!

[kwll]

just learnt a01 parts of maintenance for social exchange theory

[Eternal*]

(Original post by Naf*)
Same been doing aggression since 4... Still not finished as don't know how I'm gna get relationships and eating behaviour! Just wanna scream

Teach me aggression

[PieEatingHorses]

(Original post by Brap4k22DivideBy2)
I was just about to say that.

Real life application ??

Well, its quite deterministic! Saying we cannot control the information we retain after 2am.

[Tpos]

(Original post by PieEatingHorses)
Individual differences.

(Original post by Brap4k22DivideBy2)
I was just about to say that.

Real life application ??

[nash_4_lyf]

(Original post by Leeshur)
In terms of relationships, don't spend too much time on breakdown/formation because they already came up in past papers. Breakdown was an essay question for Jan 2012.

We all feel like maintenance has a high chance of coming up, so you can focus on Social Exchange theory and Equity Theory.
For Social Exchange, I've got this mnemonic: SBCI to outline the 4 stages of long term relationships. (which falls under maintenance).

Sampling - couples explore the rewards/costs of a variety of relationships.
Bargaining - couple "costs out" the relationship and identifies the sources of profit and loss.
Commitment - the couple settles into a relationship and the exchange of rewards becomes relatively predictable.
Institutionalisation - interactions are established, couple settles down.

Also, remember comparison levels and comparison levels for alternatives. A person who feels that they're not maximising rewards in their relationship may look at the benefits of an alternative relationship. We reference past experiences with current ones, if the current relationship proves to be better than old relationships, we are motivated to stay and maintain that relatiosnhip.
If the alternative relationship proves to be more favourable, it may lead to a person feel motivated to finish the pre-existing one.

In general, the social exchange theory is inherently selfish. Studies have also shown that in relationships, partners prefer there to be a sense of equity rather than solely maximising rewards and minimising costs.

cba to type out equity theory but it's basically about maintaining fairness in a relationship. If the relationship doesn't feel equal, it leads to a sense of dissatisfaction which can eventually lead to relationship breakdown.
It's basically a more in-depth version of social exchange.

There was a study about newlyweds being asked about what both partners contributed to relationships and their levels of contentment.
Unsurprisingly enough, underbenefited couples/people had the lowest levels of contentment.
However, the highest levels of contentment were not found in overbenefited couples, but rather couples that maintained a sense of equity.

There's gender differences too which you can use to critique these theories. Males who were overbenefited had similar/the same levels of contentment as those couples that maintained the aforementioned sense of equity.
Overbenefited females were the inverse, because being overbenefited may lead to a sense of guilt.


Someone mentioned that these relationship studies are heterosexually biased, they don't consider homosexual relationships which may not adhere to what these explanations/theories dictate. This means that it's reductionist (I think), and therefore means that it has low ecological validity - limited application.

Ahh thank you so much, I really appreciate that. Ill get right to it now Thanks xxx

[Tpos]

(Original post by PieEatingHorses)
Well, its quite deterministic! Saying we cannot control the information we retain after 2am.

I'm not sure I would call it deterministic After all your head needs rest and works best after being refreshed a little. To stop it having the deterministic effect, you just need a little nap or something. No?

Anyway, I'll let you get on with your revision

[Brap4k22DivideBy2]

Why would maintenance come up? Formation came Jan 11 and breakdown Jan 12.

[PieEatingHorses]

(Original post by Brap4k22DivideBy2)
Why would maintenance come up? Formation came Jan 11 and breakdown Jan 12.

Maintenance has yet to come up, so that's why. Equally, nor has sexual selection.

[timmy121]

(Original post by Tpos)
Me too! I don't think I'll be doing politics revision at this rate. Are you doing US politics? Are you sitting the politics exam first or psych? they're both supposed to be at the same time

Doing global politics, must be doing the same there at the same time aren't they (least can do an allnighter and not have to survive until PM ha) think im doing politcs first... and yeah politcs revision may take a back seat