[Perseverance]

Finished history, time for biology

[Lomas]

(Original post by AndyHoughton)
You need to know about reproductive and non reproductive cloning, their uses and examples.

Vegetative propagation both natural and artificial including the example of root suckers in the English Elm.

Micropropagation (tissue culture)

Advantages and disadvantages of plant cloning.

Cloning animals: Splitting embryos and Nuclear Transfer (With Dolly the sheep, I think)

Advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning.

Okay, thankyou
Quick question though what is artificial vegetative propagation? I only know of the natural way in which root suckers grow.

[Lomas]

oooh is it when you do the cuttings? e.g grafting

[AndyHoughton]

(Original post by Lomas)
oooh is it when you do the cuttings? e.g grafting

Yeah cuttings and graftings, two different things

[welshy93]

really got screwed by physics yesterday really need to smash this
anyone up for questions?

[I'm a Hobbit]

Hey guys,

The spec says "Describe how artifical selection has been used to produce the modern dairy cow and to produce bread wheat, Triticum auestivum"

The procedure for the cow is pretty staright forward but the procedure to produce bread wheat is vague in the purple textbook and isn't mentioned at all in the green textbook.

Was wondering how much of it we really need to know? Thanks

[nevetstreblig]

(Original post by I'm a Hobbit)
Hey guys,

The spec says "Describe how artifical selection has been used to produce the modern dairy cow and to produce bread wheat, Triticum auestivum"

The procedure for the cow is pretty staright forward but the procedure to produce bread wheat is vague in the purple textbook and isn't mentioned at all in the green textbook.

Was wondering how much of it we really need to know? Thanks

I think it's more about the fact that they've created sterile hybrids of wheat using artificial selection, rather than the ins and outs of how it works

[Lomas]

(Original post by AndyHoughton)
Yeah cuttings and graftings, two different things

going to recap it now, thanks :-)

[Lomas]

(Original post by welshy93)
really got screwed by physics yesterday really need to smash this
anyone up for questions?

explain the process of tissue culture :-)

[I'm a Hobbit]

(Original post by nevetstreblig)
I think it's more about the fact that they've created sterile hybrids of wheat using artificial selection, rather than the ins and outs of how it works

Ahh, I wasn't too sure but yeah, I don't think we need to know the exact details.Thank you!

[welshy93]

(Original post by Lomas)
explain the process of tissue culture :-)

thank you!
tissue culture is artificial micropropagation (i think) an explant, containing meristem cells, is taken from the desired plant and sterilised. It's then grown on a medium to form a callus which is then divided and pieces are place on a different nutrient mediums containing plant growth hormones that encourages cell differentiation and division. Once the shoots and roots are grown the plants are grown in a greenhouse before being transferred to the soil.

give an example of social behaviour and suggest the advantages of this behaviour

[Fatima0065]

(Original post by AndyHoughton)
You need to know about reproductive and non reproductive cloning, their uses and examples.

Vegetative propagation both natural and artificial including the example of root suckers in the English Elm.

Micropropagation (tissue culture)

Advantages and disadvantages of plant cloning.

Cloning animals: Splitting embryos and Nuclear Transfer (With Dolly the sheep, I think)

Advantages and disadvantages of animal cloning.

vegtative propogation: grafting and cuttings
root suckers in elm trees: folowing th destruction of the parent plant, elms are adapted to reproduce asexually by mitosis. wihtin 2m months of the destruction basal sprouts and root suckers grow. They grow from meristemic tissue from the trunk close to the ground. where least damaged has oocured . they form clonol patches around the ground unfortunately, they die, and don't reach maturity due to the disease whereby beetles carry fungal spores and lay them by the outer layer of the xylem vesel this block xylem vessel so nutrienst and water cannot be taken up into the barnches.

Micopropogatin:
a tissue called th explant is taken to be cloned from the plant, usually form the shoot tip.this is sterilesed to preven tc ontamination.
this is placed in a nutrient groth medium that conatains hormones such as auxin , cytokin and nutrients such as sucrose. thi s promotoes growth and cell divisiion. Callus cels are formed. these are then taken and put into a nothe growth medium where the roots grow, wehich are then acclimitased in greenhouses.

Advantages:
large quantitities obtained in short space of time. and they are gentically identical:desirable chareteristics produced. and the callus celsl can be genticlaly engineered
disadvnatges: genetic uniformity, suceptible to diseas: unableto adapt to changes in envrionment.

[Lomas]

(Original post by welshy93)
thank you!
tissue culture is artificial micropropagation (i think) an explant, containing meristem cells, is taken from the desired plant and sterilised. It's then grown on a medium to form a callus which is then divided and pieces are place on a different nutrient mediums containing plant growth hormones that encourages cell differentiation and division. Once the shoots and roots are grown the plants are grown in a greenhouse before being transferred to the soil.

give an example of social behaviour and suggest the advantages of this behaviour

yep, well done you could be more specific about the encouraging hormones used though the first hormone encourages shoot grown then it is transferred to a hormone containing root growth. Just an additional extra you may want to consider

In gorillas the young experiences maternal care for a long period of time, females only give birth to one young at a time aswell meaning the young is able to copy the behaviour of the parent to increase survival rate in the future by learnt behaviour.
Please add anything if im wrong

[Fatima0065]

(Original post by welshy93)
thank you!
tissue culture is artificial micropropagation (i think) an explant, containing meristem cells, is taken from the desired plant and sterilised. It's then grown on a medium to form a callus which is then divided and pieces are place on a different nutrient mediums containing plant growth hormones that encourages cell differentiation and division. Once the shoots and roots are grown the plants are grown in a greenhouse before being transferred to the soil.

give an example of social behaviour and suggest the advantages of this behaviour

Do you mean in gorrilas:
gorillas form large groups called troops. There is the silverback male gorilla which is dominant and protects teh offspring and female. it leads them too food resources etc.
Grooming in gorillas reinforces relationships
teh offspring is kept closely to the mother, suckling at hourly intervals
learn new tricks and learns to be independant
facial expressions and grunts show communication and signals other members of the tropp from predation/danger

advnatges: mother gives birth one at a time: dedicationa dn attention to offspring allowing full protection of offspring...
need to revise the rest

OUTLINE PCR and automated sequences

[Lomas]

Oops forgot to add a question!
Briefly explain the nitrogen cycle and the bacteria required during the process

[Fatima0065]

(Original post by Lomas)
Oops forgot to add a question!
Briefly explain the nitrogen cycle and the bacteria required during the process

Nitrogen fixing bacteria-fix nitrogen/live in root nodules(mutualistic relationship) convert nitrogen gas into ammonium ions by enzyme reducas ein anearobic ocndition

Nitrification:
ammonium ions ar released by dead and waste organism i think? in volved in putrefaction.
nitrosomonas bacter convert ammonium ions to nitrites
nitrobacteria convert nitries into nitartes
.need aerated soils for this process

Dentriication, bacterio convert nitrates into nitrogen gas /anearobic conditions

[welshy93]

(Original post by Lomas)
yep, well done you could be more specific about the encouraging hormones used though the first hormone encourages shoot grown then it is transferred to a hormone containing root growth. Just an additional extra you may want to consider

In gorillas the young experiences maternal care for a long period of time, females only give birth to one young at a time aswell meaning the young is able to copy the behaviour of the parent to increase survival rate in the future by learnt behaviour.
Please add anything if im wrong

ohh cool i'll remember that, thanks

yeahh! don't think there's anything to add
This is from a legacy paper so i'm not sure if it's relevant but: state 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of organic farming

[Lomas]

(Original post by Fatima0065)
Do you mean in gorrilas:
gorillas form large groups called troops. There is the silverback male gorilla which is dominant and protects teh offspring and female. it leads them too food resources etc.
Grooming in gorillas reinforces relationships
teh offspring is kept closely to the mother, suckling at hourly intervals
learn new tricks and learns to be independant
facial expressions and grunts show communication and signals other members of the tropp from predation/danger

advnatges: mother gives birth one at a time: dedicationa dn attention to offspring allowing full protection of offspring...
need to revise the rest

OUTLINE PCR and automated sequences

PCR
- mixture is heated to 90 degrees breaking the hydrogen bonds forming single strands, primers are added to the mixture and the temperature is cooled to around 55 degrees to allow annealing of the primers. DNA polymerase can bind to the double strands and the temperature is raised to 72 degrees to allow the creation of the double strand by the addition of free nucleotides? The process is then repeated to form many copies of DNA.

automated sequecing also known as interruped PCR, involves primers annealing to the three prime end of the template strand, DNA polymerase and free nucleotides are added by complementary base pairing so the strand grows. The strand continues to grow untill a modified nucleotide is added, the chain then stops on the template strand as there are no complementary neucleotides.

briefly explain the four ways of immobilising enzymes

[Fatima0065]

(Original post by Lomas)
PCR
- mixture is heated to 90 degrees breaking the hydrogen bonds forming single strands, primers are added to the mixture and the temperature is cooled to around 55 degrees to allow annealing of the primers. DNA polymerase can bind to the double strands and the temperature is raised to 72 degrees to allow the creation of the double strand by the addition of free nucleotides? The process is then repeated to form many copies of DNA.

automated sequecing also known as interruped PCR, involves primers annealing to the three prime end of the template strand, DNA polymerase and free nucleotides are added by complementary base pairing so the strand grows. The strand continues to grow untill a modified nucleotide is added, the chain then stops on the template strand as there are no complementary neucleotides.

briefly explain the four ways of immobilising enzymes

Correct
Th efour ways:
adsorption
mebrane seperation
covalent bonding
entrpment
sorry i need to revise the explanations for this: if you dont mind could you explain them?

What is the gentic code?
Describe how to produce the insulin gene? 7 marks

[Lomas]

(Original post by welshy93)
ohh cool i'll remember that, thanks

yeahh! don't think there's anything to add
This is from a legacy paper so i'm not sure if it's relevant but: state 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of organic farming

thanks
ermmm.. I can't think of anything!
What does the mark scheme say?

Name some advantages of asexual reproduction