Hydrogen Bonds are a specific type of
permanent dipole-permanent dipole bond where a delta-negatively charged Oxygen atom is attracted to a delta-positively charged Hydrogen atom (delta meaning small). Hydrogen is such a small atom that when these attractions form the distance between the hydrogen and the oxygen/nitrogen/fluorine atom (has to be one of those due to electronegative) it is
covalently bonded to is almost the same as the distance between the hydrogen and the oxygen atom it is
hydrogen bonded to. Therefore this type of intermolecular bond is exceptionally strong and we call it a hydrogen bond.
This diagram shows hydrogen bonding between water moleculesA
permanent dipole-permanent dipole is formed exactly the same way as a hydrogen bond (i.e is the result of
2 polarised bonds) but can be with other atoms and is weaker due to bigger atoms involved and longer distances.
Here is a diagram showing permanent dipole-permanent dipole bonding in hydrogen chloridePermanent dipole - induced dipole is where a polarised bond (lets stick with H-Cl from the diagram above)
induces (i.e creates) a dipole on another molecule and is therefore attracted to it. The works because if a negatively charged atom, i.e Cl in H-Cl, approaches a neutral atom the negative charge will distort the electron cloud on the neutral atom and push away the electrons creating a positive charge there. Therefore there will now be a
permanent dipole-induced dipole attraction.
Here is a diagram showing water (a permanent dipole) inducing a dipole in an O2 moleculeFinally an
instantaneous dipole - induced dipole works in exactly the same way as a permanent dipole - induced dipole except that instead of a permanent dipole there is an instantaneous dipole. These arise randomly in any molecule and are caused by the random movement of electrons creating an imbalance of charge which then induces a dipole in the molecule next door and forming an intermolecular bond. This is the
weakest intermolecular force, and is also known as Van der Waals forces.
Final diagram showing instantaneous dipole - induced dipole