[05hedgh]

when everyone is saying Himalaya does it mean just all the countries named on pre release or certain ones

[Ps3SuperSRG]

(Original post by 05hedgh)
when everyone is saying Himalaya does it mean just all the countries named on pre release or certain ones

I would say specific ones,ones on the booklet that the himalayas actually pass through.e.g Pakistan,China,Nepal,India.

Other countries like Thailand or Vietnam probably not. But then again,they must be relevant if they are to be on the booklet in the first place. Hmm god knows.

This was posted from The Student Room's Android App on my GT-I9100

[setfire]

I'm starting to panic now haha. Does anyone have any synoptic links to water conflicts? I can't think of any other than biodiversity in a few places

[ChrisJ]

(Original post by setfire)
I'm starting to panic now haha. Does anyone have any synoptic links to water conflicts? I can't think of any other than biodiversity in a few places

Yeah biodiversity definitely. Also energy security - China wants to build dams to improve its energy security and HEP is a clean way.

Superpowers - China and India are emerging superpowers. You could link it in with all the growth in demand from industrialization, urbanization etc.

The intermediate technology solutions like multiple use water systems could be linked to the technology fix too.

Those are a few ideas

[Rebecca-K]

Hi Guys, just a bit of last minute revision notes for you

Potential Threats to Water Supply in the Region:
1. Dam Construction:
- China, 3 gorges dam on the Yangtze- world's largest HEP plant.
- India, tehri dam on the Ganges- aim to irrigate 600,000hectares of land, control the supply of water and increase supply to Delhi.
2. Increased population = increased demand:
- China- overexploitation of water from the Yellow river to supply increasing population, only flows for 185 days p/yr.
- Link to figure 7.
- Link to view 1 (decreased water available per capita in India due to more people).
3. Increased agricultural demand (irrigation):
- Pakistan 93% of water demand is for irrigation, means people's health suffers as there isn't enough water for locals.
- Links to figure 8 and 9.
- Link to view 3.
4. Industrialisation:
- India- Coca Cola using local water supplies unsustainably, decreasing the amount available to the population.
- In 2004, the Kerala government (India) closed down a $16million Cola bottling plant due to their unsustainable use of local water. They blamed them for the decrease in quality and quantity of water and the "aggravated water scarcity problem"- Kerala Authority.
- TNCs pump large amounts of waste into rivers, e.g. high level of pollution in the Ganges.
5. River Pollution:
- Ganges, India- pollution affects 400 million people that live close to the river, it is now no longer available for human consumption. poor people rely on it daily for cooking, washing and bathing- est. 66% of people that use of Ganges each yr suffer from water-borne diseases.
- Synoptic link- Salton Sea, CA- agricultural slump acting as a receiving basin for run-off from fields, 75% of inflow comes from fields using pesticides, herbicides and harmful chemicals. It has lead to increased salinity and eutrophication, making it unavailable for human consumption.
6. Climate Change:
- Increased temperatures, decreased precipitation/more unpredictable, increased glacier melt = increased water stress conditions.
- Link to figure 10.
- Link view 2.

Potential Reasons for Conflict in the Himalayas Region:
1. Unequal distribution of water:
- Some areas have a large amount of water sourcing in their country, e.g. Nepal with 700 glaciers and lakes, yet have a low demand due to small population and lack of industry.
- other areas have a small amount of water sourcing in their country, e.g. Bangladesh with 90% of rivers sourcing outside of the country and a decline in groundwater levels by 2-3 metres p/yr, yet they have a large population, experience water scarcity, and are trying to develop industrially.
- China- Many rivers originate in western China meaning political control over other countries. large amount of dam construction proposed, e.g. China wants to build HEP projects on ALL suitable rivers to cope with increasing energy demand.
- Link to figure 6.
2.Territorial disputes:
- India-Pakistan dispute over Jammu-Kashmir region. In 2010 India claimed the entire state as theirs, administering 43% of the region. The conflict is based on historical and religious developments that have taken place in the area throughout history. it is also the origin point of many rivers and tributaries of the Indus- a source of water for both countries.
- Where their are territorial disputes, there is potential for conflict, and therefore unsustainable use of water.
3. Tranboundary rivers:
- Mekong River- Flows through China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, yet all are heavily reliant on it as a primary water source. China has constructed 4 major dams on the Mekong, limiting the amount of water available downstream. This has decreased fishing productivity by up to 60% in some regions- many areas of which fishing is the primary industry.
- Synoptic- Conflict on the Colorado River, USA and Mexico- Each state of the US relies of the Colorado as a river source, e.g. Las Vegas to meet demands on mega-industry, CA for agriculture and irrigation. By the time it gets to Mexico, the river has had a 80% depletion from its original flow, Mexico are unable to develop as they do not have the water to supplement development, so remain an LEDC.
- 'Territorial Sovereignty' - Belief that as they are part of the upstream river, they can use as much of the resource as they want because they receive it first.
- 'Territorial Integrity' - Belief that countries downstream have as much entitlement to the same amount of water as those upstream.
4. Dam construction/River Engineering:
- India-China- building on the Tsangpo River, a river that contributes to flows into the Bramaputra. The dam has caused a 60% reduction in the Tsangpo, impacting agriculture and fishing.
- Synoptic- Turkey Gap Project on the Euphrates River to benefit the Turkish economy. Those counties downstream, Syria and Iraq are reliant on the Euphrates as a major source of water- Syria 80% of water comes from Euphrates. They have both accused Turkey of "stealing" water.
5. TNC demand for water:
- See threats to supplies notes.
6. Changing of sectors (demand):
- See threats to supplies notes.
7. Disputes with conservationists:
- The construction of the Diamer-Basha Dam, Pakistan- displaces people, destroys villages and floods prehistoric rock carvings.
- Synoptic- Turkey's Gap Project- The ancient town of Hassankyf flooded, the historic buildings and a 12th Century bridge was drowned, along with the displacement of 34,000 people.


I hope this helps to clear any last minutes doubts on a couple of potential exam questions.. good luck with tomorrow everyone!

[Ps3SuperSRG]

(Original post by setfire)
I'm starting to panic now haha. Does anyone have any synoptic links to water conflicts? I can't think of any other than biodiversity in a few places

Depends on the question. But you can link a lot from the other chapters:
Energy: hep energy
Biodiversity: flooding habitats
Superpowers:China needs water,can use its New status to essentially bully those downstream of the mekong
Development gap:utilizing water can be first stage to further development,e.g.water for use in expanding industry
Tech fix:water and its role in tech such as dams,alternative fossil fuels,desalinisation?

Maybe some linkages from last year. Looked at some past mark schemes,apparently certain outside research counts as synoptic. Maybe other examples of water stuff like aral sea and Colorado river. Wouldn't get too much off topic in the exam though.

This was posted from The Student Room's Android App on my GT-I9100

[davim]

Does anyone know any physical factors which may affect water supply in the Himalayas?

Is that just asking about the environment? Or is it asking you to take into account hazards and things like that?

[Ps3SuperSRG]

(Original post by davim)
Does anyone know any physical factors which may affect water supply in the Himalayas?

Is that just asking about the environment? Or is it asking you to take into account hazards and things like that?

Enviro.
monsoon,glaciers,rainfall.etc.

This was posted from The Student Room's Android App on my GT-I9100

[barcelona_786]

(Original post by ChrisJ)
How do people plan on using the views at the back of the pre release, if at all?

I am wondering the exact same thing. Are we supposed to incorporate their views when we are evaluating the pros and cons for management schemes? Really unsure of how we're meant to use them! Help much appreciated!

[OlaOlaOla]

(Original post by Rebecca-K)
Hi Guys, just a bit of last minute revision notes for you

Potential Threats to Water Supply in the Region:
1. Dam Construction:
- China, 3 gorges dam on the Yangtze- world's largest HEP plant.
- India, tehri dam on the Ganges- aim to irrigate 600,000hectares of land, control the supply of water and increase supply to Delhi.
2. Increased population = increased demand:
- China- overexploitation of water from the Yellow river to supply increasing population, only flows for 185 days p/yr.
- Link to figure 7.
- Link to view 1 (decreased water available per capita in India due to more people).
3. Increased agricultural demand (irrigation):
- Pakistan 93% of water demand is for irrigation, means people's health suffers as there isn't enough water for locals.
- Links to figure 8 and 9.
- Link to view 3.
4. Industrialisation:
- India- Coca Cola using local water supplies unsustainably, decreasing the amount available to the population.
- In 2004, the Kerala government (India) closed down a $16million Cola bottling plant due to their unsustainable use of local water. They blamed them for the decrease in quality and quantity of water and the "aggravated water scarcity problem"- Kerala Authority.
- TNCs pump large amounts of waste into rivers, e.g. high level of pollution in the Ganges.
5. River Pollution:
- Ganges, India- pollution affects 400 million people that live close to the river, it is now no longer available for human consumption. poor people rely on it daily for cooking, washing and bathing- est. 66% of people that use of Ganges each yr suffer from water-borne diseases.
- Synoptic link- Salton Sea, CA- agricultural slump acting as a receiving basin for run-off from fields, 75% of inflow comes from fields using pesticides, herbicides and harmful chemicals. It has lead to increased salinity and eutrophication, making it unavailable for human consumption.
6. Climate Change:
- Increased temperatures, decreased precipitation/more unpredictable, increased glacier melt = increased water stress conditions.
- Link to figure 10.
- Link view 2.

Potential Reasons for Conflict in the Himalayas Region:
1. Unequal distribution of water:
- Some areas have a large amount of water sourcing in their country, e.g. Nepal with 700 glaciers and lakes, yet have a low demand due to small population and lack of industry.
- other areas have a small amount of water sourcing in their country, e.g. Bangladesh with 90% of rivers sourcing outside of the country and a decline in groundwater levels by 2-3 metres p/yr, yet they have a large population, experience water scarcity, and are trying to develop industrially.
- China- Many rivers originate in western China meaning political control over other countries. large amount of dam construction proposed, e.g. China wants to build HEP projects on ALL suitable rivers to cope with increasing energy demand.
- Link to figure 6.
2.Territorial disputes:
- India-Pakistan dispute over Jammu-Kashmir region. In 2010 India claimed the entire state as theirs, administering 43% of the region. The conflict is based on historical and religious developments that have taken place in the area throughout history. it is also the origin point of many rivers and tributaries of the Indus- a source of water for both countries.
- Where their are territorial disputes, there is potential for conflict, and therefore unsustainable use of water.
3. Tranboundary rivers:
- Mekong River- Flows through China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, yet all are heavily reliant on it as a primary water source. China has constructed 4 major dams on the Mekong, limiting the amount of water available downstream. This has decreased fishing productivity by up to 60% in some regions- many areas of which fishing is the primary industry.
- Synoptic- Conflict on the Colorado River, USA and Mexico- Each state of the US relies of the Colorado as a river source, e.g. Las Vegas to meet demands on mega-industry, CA for agriculture and irrigation. By the time it gets to Mexico, the river has had a 80% depletion from its original flow, Mexico are unable to develop as they do not have the water to supplement development, so remain an LEDC.
- 'Territorial Sovereignty' - Belief that as they are part of the upstream river, they can use as much of the resource as they want because they receive it first.
- 'Territorial Integrity' - Belief that countries downstream have as much entitlement to the same amount of water as those upstream.
4. Dam construction/River Engineering:
- India-China- building on the Tsangpo River, a river that contributes to flows into the Bramaputra. The dam has caused a 60% reduction in the Tsangpo, impacting agriculture and fishing.
- Synoptic- Turkey Gap Project on the Euphrates River to benefit the Turkish economy. Those counties downstream, Syria and Iraq are reliant on the Euphrates as a major source of water- Syria 80% of water comes from Euphrates. They have both accused Turkey of "stealing" water.
5. TNC demand for water:
- See threats to supplies notes.
6. Changing of sectors (demand):
- See threats to supplies notes.
7. Disputes with conservationists:
- The construction of the Diamer-Basha Dam, Pakistan- displaces people, destroys villages and floods prehistoric rock carvings.
- Synoptic- Turkey's Gap Project- The ancient town of Hassankyf flooded, the historic buildings and a 12th Century bridge was drowned, along with the displacement of 34,000 people.


I hope this helps to clear any last minutes doubts on a couple of potential exam questions.. good luck with tomorrow everyone!

Thank you so much! A really useful bedtime refresher

[OlaOlaOla]

(Original post by barcelona_786)
I am wondering the exact same thing. Are we supposed to incorporate their views when we are evaluating the pros and cons for management schemes? Really unsure of how we're meant to use them! Help much appreciated!

If you read through the notes Rebecca-K posted, she made some really good links to the views

[Charlesworth]

Good luck everyone today! Hopefully the questions that come up with be the ones we want. Thank you to everyone who has posted case study facts, they have been really helpful.

Good luck and hopefully we all get the grades we want and need!

[Match]

Thanks for the help guys, and good luck everyone

[Ps3SuperSRG]

Good luck people. WE CAN DO IT!

This was posted from The Student Room's Android App on my GT-I9100

[hannahc16]

what do people know about the mekong river commission? what are the advantages and disadvantages of it?

[Match]

(Original post by hannahc16)
what do people know about the mekong river commission? what are the advantages and disadvantages of it?

Pros: Allows fair use of water to all countries who are part of it, makes sure noone uses too much

Cons: Not all mekong river countries are part of the MRC (China and Burma aren't), this means decisions taken by any country (especially the upstream ones) may not be in the best interests for the other countries.

Not a lot there I know, but hope it helps

[Charlesworth]

The questions I did were something along the lines of:

Biodiversity
Explain reasons for the different levels of health in the 4 groups. (10)

Assess the relationship between economic development and conservation. (15)

Superpowers
Explain the reasons for changes in economic power. (10)

Assess how economic, military and cultural factors influence superpower status. (15)

Water Conflicts
Explain the physical and political geography that puts water supply at risk. (10)

Assess the threats for future supply of water. (15)

Assess how well the management schemes can help for a sustainable water future. (15)


Overall, I think it went alright. It could have been better but could have been worse. I struggled with the first biodiversity question, mind went blank! But the assess one went alright. For superpowers I think it went better then biodiversity but I felt I was repeating myself a bit for the explain question.

Water conflicts went okay, I liked the second question, but the sustainable water future threw me off a bit - hopefully I did alright!

How did everyone else find it? I didn't get a chance to see the other topic's questions. Hope it went good for everyone Just glad that 2 and a half hour exam is out of the way!

[Flyteryder]

(Original post by Charlesworth)
The questions I did were something along the lines of:

Biodiversity
Explain reasons for the different levels of health in the 4 groups. (10)

Assess the relationship between economic development and conservation. (15)

Superpowers
Explain the reasons for changes in economic power. (10)

Assess how economic, military and cultural factors influence superpower status. (15)

Water Conflicts
Explain the physical and political geography that puts water supply at risk. (10)

Assess the threats for future supply of water. (15)

Assess how well the management schemes can help for a sustainable water future. (15)


Overall, I think it went alright. It could have been better but could have been worse. I struggled with the first biodiversity question, mind went blank! But the assess one went alright. For superpowers I think it went better then biodiversity but I felt I was repeating myself a bit for the explain question.

Water conflicts went okay, I liked the second question, but the sustainable water future threw me off a bit - hopefully I did alright!

How did everyone else find it? I didn't get a chance to see the other topic's questions. Hope it went good for everyone Just glad that 2 and a half hour exam is out of the way!

I did Superpowers and The Technological Fix:

Assess the reasons for the information show about the use of new technologies by developing countries in Figure 4. (10)

Using named examples, explain the environmental and social costs of adopting new technology. (15)

Figure 4 was about a graph showing soaring mobile phone use from 1990 to 2009 compared to landlines that only experienced a small increase of use, then gradual decrease. Internet usage was also slowly rising, but not to even a third of mobile phone usage.

I think it went quite well overall. I liked talking about the British Empire in the Superpowers question, because it was easy to link that with saying that superpowers don't last forever and that China are likely to either become the dominate superpower in the future, overtaking the USA, or at the very least forming a bipolar world, with both China and USA having superpower status.

I wasn't too keen on the sustainable water future question at the end, I just about had enough time to finish, as well as spending 5 minutes trying to work out out what I was supposed to write about.

I wrote 26 pages altogether and came our with very sore hand

[Charlesworth]

(Original post by Flyteryder)
I did Superpowers and The Technological Fix:

Assess the reasons for the information show about the use of new technologies by developing countries in Figure 4. (10)

Using named examples, explain the environmental and social costs of adopting new technology. (15)

Figure 4 was about a graph showing soaring mobile phone use from 1990 to 2009 compared to landlines that only experienced a small increase of use, then gradual decrease. Internet usage was also slowly rising, but not to even a third of mobile phone usage.

I think it went quite well overall. I liked talking about the British Empire in the Superpowers question, because it was easy to link that with saying that superpowers don't last forever and that China are likely to either become the dominate superpower in the future, overtaking the USA, or at the very least forming a bipolar world, with both China and USA having superpower status.

I wasn't too keen on the sustainable water future question at the end, I just about had enough time to finish, as well as spending 5 minutes trying to work out out what I was supposed to write about.

I wrote 26 pages altogether and came our with very sore hand

Forgot to mention that, oops I wrote about 20 pages I think, my hand writing was atrocious though. Guess I'll see in August how well it went

[Sadsnail]

I was really happy with that exam

I answered energy and tech fix (despite revising energy+bridging!) - really didn't like the bridging question

I think I wrote 29 pages, my arm was dead for my exam this morning!!!

I was running out of time for section b but I hope it went okay