The above graph, produced by the IPCC, shows a number of scenarios for global temperature increases - read the link provided for a more detailed explanation of why that's a bad thing, and how human activity has caused it. If we can all agree that global warming is the result of a massive spike in carbon dioxide, which is the general consensus of the scientific community, then we can see that any social cost occurs as a result of us. This tax is Pigovian in that it tackles a 'negative externality', it is intended to correct the market outcome - the social cost of pollution is not covered by the private cost of polluting while a carbon tax is not in place.
Why £30?
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Page 40, 9.11, "Estimating the Social Cost of Carbon Emissions", Government Economic Service Working Paper 140 assessed various proposals for carbon taxes and found that the most sophisticated estimation came from the Eyre Paper, 1999. This proposal was based on 2000 money, and so I've increased it in line with the increase in relative value of the pound, and rounded to the nearest ten - this gave a figure of £90 per metric ton of carbon, this figure was then divided by 3.7 as the tax is collected based on MTs of carbon dioxide. This gave a figure of £24, which was then increased upwards to £30 to reflect the variety of views in the scientific community (as shown in the IPCC's summary of social cost evaluations).
Why tax companies and not individuals?
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We all contribute to pollution, most of us drive cars etc., however what we put in as individuals is completely dwarfed by what industry donates. It is also significant that a company's emissions are much easier for the Government to realise. So we shouldn't tax individuals for GHG because it wouldn't be worth it - besides, how many of us have directly caused over one metric ton of carbon dioxide? Very few.
Why lower VAT/increase the R&D budget?
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A tax on emissions will affect the consumer price of electricity in the UK, since 75.7% of the stuff we generate comes from fossil fuels (coal and natural gas). This will be regressive since an increase in the cost of energy impacts poorer households more - to counteract this, the Bill, using the additional revenue, lowers VAT (which is the biggest regressive tax left in the MHoC). The R&D increase simply will speed up the big transition to a clean energy economy - it's much more of an investment than an state expenditure, we can look forward to the Exchequer receiving the £2bn back easily.
Why abolish those other schemes?
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The carbon tax introduced here renders them moot. In addition to this, trading pollution allowances is nowhere near radical enough to effect the change needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as science journalist Larry Lohmann explains here.
Total revenue from affected taxes:
1) Carbon Tax: £11.1bn
2) Value Added Tax: £20.9bn
3) Hydrocarbon Oil Duty: £36.2bn
4) Climate Change Levy: £0
i. The estimations regarding the CT's tax base have been reduced (thanks to Stanlas for recognising the initial error), it is now c.370mt per year - despite this, it now includes GHGs other than carbon dioxide (such as methane and nitrous oxide). ii. Hydrocarbon oil duties have been increased by 15% each. Recent VAT reductions (including the measure in this Bill) mean that the cost of fuel has been slashed - the carbon tax alone, as several people pointed out, would not cover the CO2 emitted from transport, the 15% increase would mean that the social cost has been incorporated into fuel duty. iii. The proposed VAT reduction will now be 2% in light of alterations made in the Welfare Act. iv. The R&D budget increase (earmarked for green research) has been doubled.
i. Since the Welfare Act has reduced VAT to the preliminary target rate of this Bill's Second Reading (5%), the proposed reduction is now just 1%. ii. I've incorporated a disaster relief fund into the Bill. The main reason for taxing pollution is to retrieve the money that climate change costs, it's only prudent to have some of this money specifically earmarked for the natural problems that could (and have) affect(ed) the UK - problems that the government is expected to provide for. Floods, droughts, storms - any form of freak weather. iii. The surplus is now +£6.7bn. That comes off the £90bn budget deficit. iv. Small mistakes in the formatting, and the configuration of the carbon tax, have been ironed out.
The MRLP are in favour of keeping the pound, the ounce, the furlong and other imperial measures. So that's a £3 per gallon levy for most fuels I think.
(Original post by Moleman1996)
Still a no from me i'm afraid. If we can't secure guaranteed international co-operation beforehand.
For all the reasons given previously, nay.
(Original post by internetguru)
Disagree with higher taxes on this that will make the economy worst.
(Original post by Rakas21)
Its looking like an abstain or no from me.
I disagree with the removal of the trading scheme.
(Original post by Birchington)
Current economic conditions suggest that this is not the time to introduce further punitive taxes on businesses or individuals, so it's a No from me.
(Original post by RoryS)
It's a no from me. This is not the right time to introduce new taxes.
The MHoC's economy is not in the same place as the RL economy. We probably have low unemployment alongside decent growth.
The essence of a carbon tax (the very essence!) is that it makes the economy better. It's not just another means to scrape revenue from businesses. I thought I'd explained this aspect in the Notes, but I may not have been clear enough.
In the current economy there is a simple problem with emissions. When a business uses a fossil fuel, the market cost of doing so (£xx) does not equate to the environmental costs of what happens as a result (£yy). In effect, this £yy represents the damage done by an amount of green house gas emitted. So, for each 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide (or equivalent) released into the atmosphere, £30 worth of damage is done to the environment - who should pay for this cost incurred? Three options: the government, the people harmed, or those reponsible for it. By taxing GHG emissions, the Government is making those that owe pay - it's really that simple, the social cost (£yy) is added to the market cost (£xx) to alleviate the problem of a negative externality in the current economy. I hope this explains the tax without getting too economicsy.
Birchington and RoryS, both of you are from parties that consider themselves to be environmentalist - I'd very much like for you to justify your positions specifically. What specific parts of the argument do you disagree with? I hope your objections are not a throwback to when I upset you both in April, I did apologise.
Prime Minister and SoS for Transport, can I assure each of you that this Bill would not increase energy costs from current RL prices. The recent VAT reductions apply to the energy market, and so a real terms drop in costs for consumers and businesses won't be negated by this common-sense, fiscally sound Bill. As for emissions trading schemes, I would have expected a Conservative PM to be opposed to them - not only are they ineffectual, they also add an extra layer of constraint to business - they are pure red-tape. A carbon tax is a market-based alternative, an option that actually does the job.
The MHoC's economy is not in the same place as the RL economy. We probably have low unemployment alongside decent growth.
The essence of a carbon tax (the very essence!) is that it makes the economy better. It's not just another means to scrape revenue from businesses. I thought I'd explained this aspect in the Notes, but I may not have been clear enough.
In the current economy there is a simple problem with emissions. When a business uses a fossil fuel, the market cost of doing so (£xx) does not equate to the environmental costs of what happens as a result (£yy). In effect, this £yy represents the damage done by an amount of green house gas emitted. So, for each 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide (or equivalent) released into the atmosphere, £30 worth of damage is done to the environment - who should pay for this cost incurred? Three options: the government, the people harmed, or those reponsible for it. By taxing GHG emissions, the Government is making those that owe pay - it's really that simple, the social cost (£yy) is added to the market cost (£xx) to alleviate the problem of a negative externality in the current economy. I hope this explains the tax without getting too economicsy.
Birchington and RoryS, both of you are from parties that consider themselves to be environmentalist - I'd very much like for you to justify your positions specifically. What specific parts of the argument do you disagree with? I hope your objections are not a throwback to when I upset you both in April, I did apologise.
Prime Minister and SoS for Transport, can I assure each of you that this Bill would not increase energy costs from current RL prices. The recent VAT reductions apply to the energy market, and so a real terms drop in costs for consumers and businesses won't be negated by this common-sense, fiscally sound Bill. As for emissions trading schemes, I would have expected a Conservative PM to be opposed to them - not only are they ineffectual, they also add an extra layer of constraint to business - they are pure red-tape. A carbon tax is a market-based alternative, an option that actually does the job.
Spoiler:
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Where do you guys stand?
I hear your point about the economy, i've never really considered it but you're actually right! We do ahve to consider the effects of global recession though, which would probably have sent us into recession as well. However, with the little difference we make, this is a pointless tax if only Britain adopts it.
The MHoC's economy is not in the same place as the RL economy. We probably have low unemployment alongside decent growth.
The essence of a carbon tax (the very essence!) is that it makes the economy better. It's not just another means to scrape revenue from businesses. I thought I'd explained this aspect in the Notes, but I may not have been clear enough.
In the current economy there is a simple problem with emissions. When a business uses a fossil fuel, the market cost of doing so (£xx) does not equate to the environmental costs of what happens as a result (£yy). In effect, this £yy represents the damage done by an amount of green house gas emitted. So, for each 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide (or equivalent) released into the atmosphere, £30 worth of damage is done to the environment - who should pay for this cost incurred? Three options: the government, the people harmed, or those reponsible for it. By taxing GHG emissions, the Government is making those that owe pay - it's really that simple, the social cost (£yy) is added to the market cost (£xx) to alleviate the problem of a negative externality in the current economy. I hope this explains the tax without getting too economicsy.
Birchington and RoryS, both of you are from parties that consider themselves to be environmentalist - I'd very much like for you to justify your positions specifically. What specific parts of the argument do you disagree with? I hope your objections are not a throwback to when I upset you both in April, I did apologise.
Prime Minister and SoS for Transport, can I assure each of you that this Bill would not increase energy costs from current RL prices. The recent VAT reductions apply to the energy market, and so a real terms drop in costs for consumers and businesses won't be negated by this common-sense, fiscally sound Bill. As for emissions trading schemes, I would have expected a Conservative PM to be opposed to them - not only are they ineffectual, they also add an extra layer of constraint to business - they are pure red-tape. A carbon tax is a market-based alternative, an option that actually does the job.
Spoiler:
Show
Where do you guys stand?
My stance is that you have replaced a tax which i was opposed to and going to get rid of (climate change levy) with a tax on businesses, hence while it is superior in tackling the cause i am still undecided.
As for the emission trading scheme, it was only ineffectual because it was not combined with other measures and limited to the EU, i am very much for renewable resources because i believe that the economic multiplier of a potential trade surplus (well down the line) would outweigh any cost because 70% of imports are fuel.
Because tackling carbon emmisions could lead to a reduction of fuel imports i am considering this bill, on most issues the notion of taxation would yield a simple no.
(Original post by Rakas21)
My stance is that you have replaced a tax which i was opposed to and going to get rid of (climate change levy) with a tax on businesses, hence while it is superior in tackling the cause i am still undecided.
As for the emission trading scheme, it was only ineffectual because it was not combined with other measures and limited to the EU, i am very much for renewable resources because i believe that the economic multiplier of a potential trade surplus (well down the line) would outweigh any cost because 70% of imports are fuel.
Because tackling carbon emmisions could lead to a reduction of fuel imports i am considering this bill, on most issues the notion of taxation would yield a simple no.
Are you generally for or against pigovian taxation?
(Original post by Rakas21)
My stance is that you have replaced a tax which i was opposed to and going to get rid of (climate change levy) with a tax on businesses, hence while it is superior in tackling the cause i am still undecided.
As for the emission trading scheme, it was only ineffectual because it was not combined with other measures and limited to the EU, i am very much for renewable resources because i believe that the economic multiplier of a potential trade surplus (well down the line) would outweigh any cost because 70% of imports are fuel.
Because tackling carbon emmisions could lead to a reduction of fuel imports i am considering this bill, on most issues the notion of taxation would yield a simple no.
The CCL was essentially a tax on businesses, albeit a bureaucratic and misguided one. My position on emissions trading is that it just makes life harder for businesses by twisting the market - this tax is much simpler and a much more valid alternative (it's Pigovian and actually serves a clearly defined, non-arbitrary, point). I hope you see the merit.
(Original post by Moleman1996)
I hear your point about the economy, i've never really considered it but you're actually right! We do ahve to consider the effects of global recession though, which would probably have sent us into recession as well. However, with the little difference we make, this is a pointless tax if only Britain adopts it.
The tax wouldn't have any support among the Libers if they didn't see the reason to implement it! We're not in global recession, and the Eurozone is still on neutral growth, so I think we can assume that we are in the midst of a boom. (Rhyme-time!)
(Original post by Rakas21)
Just cought the disaster relief fund and i do not agree with it so take it out.
Floods occur when people decide on flood plains and the drought in this country has already been solved by the desalinisation motion.
With all due respect Mr Prime Minister, but this isn't your Bill and you can't just say 'I don't agree, therefore remove it.' Like every other member of this house, you should ask in a polite way, stating your arguments.
Besides, what do you have against getting ready for emergencies? Emergencies can happen even in the UK, and we should always be ready for them.
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