[Catching22]

Tiredness, due to the lack of oxygen, and joint pain, due to the sickled cell block the blood vessels.

What the term universal donor mean and what ABO blood type is a universal donor?

[sarahflo]

universal donor is the blood type which contains neither anitgen, therefore they can donate to anyone. (i think) blood type O is the universal donor

Describe the main stages in the process of genetic modification.

[Angelica.]

identify the gene
isolate the gene using restriction enzymes
obtain a bacterial cell and insert the gene into the plasmid using enzymes such as ligase
the plasmid acts as a vector and can be placed inside the bacterial cell
the bacterial cell will then replicate/ reproduce and produce [insulin] as required.

Describe why plants require active transport.

[lucasluke]

(Original post by Angelica.)

Describe why plants require active transport.

So they can absorb minerals from the soil.

What alleles could someone with blood type A have?



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[Angelica.]

AO
or
AA


What may happen if someone that is blood group A donates blood to someone that is blood group B?

[lucasluke]

(Original post by Angelica.)
AO
or
AA


What may happen if someone that is blood group A donates blood to someone that is blood group B?

Blood will clot.

What are the equations for photosynthesis and respiration?


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[sarahflo]

(Original post by lucasluke)
Blood will clot.

What are the equations for photosynthesis and respiration?


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Photosynthesis - Carbon Dioxide + Water = Glucose + Energy
Respiration - Glucose + Oxygen = Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy

What is ATP?

[vxrz]

Adenosine Triphosphate. It is used as an energy store for the muscles, and can be used up to contract muscle filaments.

How can the upset of osmotic balance be prevented?

This was posted from The Student Room's Android App on my MB860

[JLKeating]

(Original post by vxrz)
Adenosine Triphosphate. It is used as an energy store for the muscles, and can be used up to contract muscle filaments.

How can the upset of osmotic balance be prevented?

This was posted from The Student Room's Android App on my MB860

It can be prevented through using starch as a storage molecule instead of glucose. This is because starch is insoluble and does not cause water to transfer into the cell, whereas glucose causes water to transfer into the cell, thus upsetting the osmotic balance.

What is commensalism?

[Angelica.]

Adenosine Triphosphate. It is the energy currency of the cell, used to transfer energy to the muscle where it is needed.

Why does the heart rate vary from people to people?

[Angelica.]

Commensalism is when one organism is benefitted and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

Why does the heart rate vary from people to people?

[farhiyaserar]

because of diet, fitness, genetic history.
What is a starch?

[Angelica.]

Starch is a polymer of glucose, it is used as a storage for energy as it is insoluble in water, and therefore does not have an effect on the osmotic balance.

Give an example of mutualism.

[AWNW]

An example of mutualism would be a honey badger and a honey bird, the bird would get the badger to follow it to a bee/wasp 's nest and the badger would smash it open, the badger would be able to find the nest and get to eat the honey and the bird would get honey without the threat of bee/wasp's

How is it possible that O blood type can be given to A, B or AB, as surely the antibodies would latch onto the antigens of on the red blood cells and cause the blood to clot?

[JLKeating]

(Original post by AWNW)
An example of mutualism would be a honey badger and a honey bird, the bird would get the badger to follow it to a bee/wasp 's nest and the badger would smash it open, the badger would be able to find the nest and get to eat the honey and the bird would get honey without the threat of bee/wasp's

How is it possible that O blood type can be given to A, B or AB, as surely the antibodies would latch onto the antigens of on the red blood cells and cause the blood to clot?

Because O blood type has no antigens on the red blood cells and therefore the antibodies in the recipients blood will not clot the blood.

What is a gene probe?


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[AWNW]

A gene probe is a selection of DNA which matches up with the part of DNA which brings about a genetic disorder or something else along those lines, the probe is then inserted into the DNA and if it connects with part of the DNA then it means you have the disorder. You can find the probe in several ways, it can be made to be fluorescent or it can be picked up in autoradiography.

Yes but surely the Anti bodies in the O blood can latch onto the Antigens on the A, B or AB red blood cells and cause the blood to clot?

[Adamtemps1]

A gene probe is a single stranded DNA or RNA sequence that has bases that pair up with the complimentary bases on the target gene. It will only attach if the desired gene is present in the sample.

Give 3 differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

[Angelica.]

Aerobic uses oxygen, whereas anaerobic doesn't require oxygen.
Aerobic releases large amounts of energy, whereas anaerobic respiration releases small amounts of energy.
The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water, whereas anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which can be toxic.



For the Ideas in context...
Explain the methods that the EU may use to limit alien invasive species into an area?


I have feeling this will be a tough exam, due to the significantly high grade boundaries last year.

[alsam005.310]

The EU may use biological control. This is when the pest is controlled by the introduction of a predator or natural enemy.

How many allele does the gene for blood type have?
And btw, hello Angelica

[Angelica.]

3 alleles. Ah, hello Mariam.

Give two advantages and 2 disadvantages of pyramids of biomass and pyramids of numbers.