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Unitary working model - ethnic minorities are normal members of the working class
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Westergaard & Restler; inequalities forced by ethnic minorities are the same as inequalities faced by the working class
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Divided middle class model internal racism is a major factor in preventing the working class from mounting effective opposition to capitalism
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Castles & Kosack; racial prejudice= dominant class divides class interest
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Racialised class fraction - black people are members of the working class but have been singled out as racial fraction
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Phiacklea & Miles; conducted an empirical study of workers in London and found evidence of racialised class fraction
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Patterson; racism from the dominant group is seen as a result of 'ignorance and confusion, which will soon go'
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Assimilation; a minority group gives up on it's own cultures and adopts the views of the ethnic minority
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Parsons; 1966 USA dark skin colour represented inferiority - over time the common value changed and ethnic groups integrated into society
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Parkin; middle classes practice social closure in order to keep out people from ethnic minority backgrounds
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Rex & Tomlinson; there is a racialised underclass which causes a structural break
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Barron & Norris; the dual labour market - primary sector = secure jobs, high pay - secondary sector = temporary, less secure. Ethnic minorities fall into the secondary sector.
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Glasgow; underclass are trapped at the bottom of the stratification pyramid
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Saunders; the underclass are entirely dependent on welfare provisions
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Lee & Wrench; black youths find it difficult to get jobs due to racial discrimination
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Modood; 'we now have diversity and difference in explanations for ethnic inequalities' so it is difficult to analyse inequalities through ethnic groups
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Globalisation has lead to an erosion of cultural identities, including white cultures - all ethnicities are changing to form new hybrid identities
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Johal; dual identities, white masks and code switching
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