Those GCSE grades aren't that bad, mainly As - don't be too disappointed
The D in English however is an issue since many unis (I think Cambridge included) require a B at GCSE English Language and Maths for all courses. They will be able to tell that you resat the GCSE since you have to enter the dates of you receiving each qualification on your UCAS form - however I doubt they will mind too much, they say somewhere on their website that the odd resit is not an issue for them (although I think they were referring to A levels rather than GCSE...) and I'm sure they understand that everyone has the odd bad day. I personally doubt that many universities pay much attention to GCSE grades, and are much more interested in your AS grades and A2 predictions since these are more recent and are in the subjects you wish to study at uni. I personally would think that with good AS/A2 grades you would have a good chance of getting an interview for Natural Sciences (Cambridge) or Chemistry (Oxford), particularly since your worse GCSE grades were in completely unrelated subjects.
Don't worry too much now about your chances, concentrate on getting excellent AS grades and extra stuff to boost your personal statement and wait until results day next year to judge more accurately how much of a chance you have - if you get AAAA/ AAAB then I would say that it would be worth a shot at Oxbridge (you have 4 other spaces on your UCAS form for other universities so should be almost guaranteed an offer elsewhere anyway).