Original post by scrotgrotLook, I'm sorry, this is very simplistic history. The reason women were "oppressed" in the ways you talk about was because families had to divide the labour because it was so gruelling. The alternative to the female role of sitting in with the kids, cooking the meals and spending all Sunday scrubbing clothes over a wooden board was strapping a gaslight to your head and going down the mines for 12 hours a day.
Doesn't sound like women were so oppressed now, does it?
Since work was so physical, men had to be the ones to do it, by and large. (And in fact, certainly in any community that was in any way rural, women were out working the fields too, there was no alternative.) The fact that it was all so much harder than today, particularly in the Victorian era (which is when the sort of urban working-class norms I'm centring my analysis on emerged), when humans worked longer hours than they have ever worked before in history, meant that the division of labour was absolutely paramount.
There is a well known economic law that if one person is really good at making X and another person is really good at Y, but only average at making X, the second person, and the total output of the economy, is hindered by trying to make X and Y in capacities according to his expertise in each. Output is maximised when the first person does X to full capacity, and the second abandons all thought of X and focuses on just Y.
This is the basis for specialisation in the job market, national industries like cars in Germany, finance in Britain, cuckoo clocks in Switzerland, the organisational structure of companies, and, wait for it, the division of labour in couples - particularly where there was as little efficiency to waste as in Victorian working-class households.
Now, why was being slutty shameful? Until 1960, sex meant the possibility of babies. Quite apart from the pill, abortions back then consisted of taking a big swig of whisky, sticking a knitting needle up yourself and hoping the baby died. Being slutty was shameful because women could never really hope to do the sort of work described above that was available in working-class communities. If you slept around, you were a massive risk to the community, because if you ended up with a bun in the oven, you'd be relying on community charity forevermore - or, more likely, crime.
Note that the same concerns "oppressed" men into marrying women they knocked up out of wedlock. This social pressure to "do the right thing" was applied hard because otherwise the woman would be relying on the community.
Why did men own women's reproductive capacity? Because they wanted to provide for their old age. Pensions didn't exist at all until the 1920s. Marriage was a bargain between men and women. Women yoked themselves to a man because women couldn't really earn on their own. Men yoked themselves to a woman because they needed to pump out enough offspring to mitigate against the risk of death in infancy, and in the hope that one might stumble into wealth. Of course, ownership of women, insofar as a slight against one came under the law of chattel, was because there was a massive incentive to mitigate against the chance you were raising the milkman's baby (10% of men are unsuspectingly raising kids that aren't theirs). It was also to mitigate against the chance that the woman, with all the sunk costs associated with her, wouldn't run off with another man before the debt had been repaid, because if she ran off, the kids would go with her.
The flip-side to the fact that men "owned" women - really the correct way to say it is that the family unit, not the individual, was the basic unit of society (allowing for invisible abuses within it in some cases, but in others stabilising the environment for children) - was that men were legally responsible for anything their wives did. If the wife ran up debts or murdered someone, it'd be the husband thrown in prison. It was risky stuff marrying, and that's why women were socialised into being goody-two-shoes. It's also why wife-beating was relatively more common. Men were afraid that a rogue wife would land them behind bars. Still, contrary to what you have probably heard about the "rule of thumb", wife-beating has always, always been very illegal and vilified by society.
And this whole thing is the basis of today's outdated gender roles, where the man is meant to be strong and uncompromising, and the woman chaste until she's married. Because men's value was in their muscle and sinew, and women's in their reproductive capacity. It's no accident that the feminist movement had its first victories after WWI and has gathered momentum since: it was a reaction to the changing model of society.
While an imperfect ideology, feminism has been essential for adapting our society to the post-industrial, highly automated economic world. It has driven the move, in my view, from a collectivist to an individualist society among the working classes. But it is a patent lie to suggest that men have been engaged, for centuries, in this big patriarchal conspiracy to oppress women. I have laid out the reasons why the supposed "oppression" of working-class women also meant oppression of their men, as well as why it was not nefarious oppression by husbands but rational choices given the socioeconomic system.