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chlorophyll a
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carotene/xanthophyll/chlorophyll b (POSSIBLY carotenoids)
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absorb a range of wavelengths not well absorbed by chlorophyll and pass on that energy
•
maybe protect chlorphyll from very intense light
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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rubisco
•
Glycerate-3-phosphate
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Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
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Cellulose and starch/(amylose/amlyopectin)
•
converts one form of energy to another (pressure stimulus converted to electrical energy of nerve impulse)
•
Gate of sodium ion channel forced open/ deformation by pressure
•
action potentials do not vary in size, either happens or doesn't (if reaches threshold potential (-50mV))
•
frequency of action potentials indicates strength
•
greater frequency = more intense
OR
All action potentials same magnitude but stronger stimuli produce more action potentials
•
acclimitisation/runs out of vesicles/fatigued
•
Ensure one direction only
•
Intergration (convergence/divergence)
•
Summation (temporal/spatial)
•
memory and conscious thought
•
Filter out low level signals
•
diabetes mellitus
•
Needs to have a high blood glucose concentration so effect of insulin can be seen
•
18.6%
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blood glucose concentration low/hypoglacaemia
•
red blood cells broken down and recycled in liver
•
therefore less Hb complex thing than there should be
•
nervous before taking exam = increased blood glucose levels/had just been exercising
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detected by alpha cell receptors
•
glucaon secreted binds to complementary receptor cells in liver plasma membrane
•
gluconeogenesis (making glucose from fats/amino acids)
•
glycogenolysis(breaking down glycogen to glucose)
•
more fatty acids used in respiration
•
role of adenyl cylase/cyclic AMP
•
glucose leaves cells by faciliated diffusion
•
reference to inhibitory effect of hormone (stops insulin secretion)
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the glutathione runs out
•
enzymes become saturated, cannot work quickly enough
•
acetylcholine
•
either pre or post synaptic membrane
•
stop secretion/stop binding
•
sinusoid
•
bile duct
•
hepatic portal vein (branch of)
•
hepatic artery (branch of)
•
hepatic vein (branch of)
•
hepatocytes and mitosis
•
rate increases as temperature increases
•
figures quoted, trend (5 to 10 degrees rate doubles)
•
low temperature (0 degrees)
•
Onion as slowest rate of respiration at all temperatures
•
possibly potato at 0 degrees? unknown rate of respiration
•
really don't know what else to put for this one
•
asparagus as has highest rate at all temperatures
•
oxygen tightly held to haemoglobin
•
no oxygen was the selection pressure for natural selection
•
can't kill host, so cannot use their oxygen
•
travel in deoxygenated areas of body (in veins) (possibly)
•
In mammals pyruvtae turned into lactate
•
lactate converted back to pyruvate in liver
•
in yeast CO2 released
•
Maybe doesn't have enzymes for conversion back?
possibly lactate/ethanol dehydrogenase catalyse both directions, pryruvate carboxylase cannot
•
PCT ( I think the label was Q)
•
All of them except the loop of henle and lower part of the collecting duct
•
Renal capsule label
•
greater salt concentration in medulla
•
more water reabsorbed by osmosis from collecting duct
•
maybe ref. to mechanism, impermeable ascending walls, greater countercurrent mechanism
•
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•
chlorophyll a
•
carotene/xanthophyll
•
absorb wavelength not well absorbed by chlorophyll and pass on that energy
•
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
•
rubisco
•
Glycerate-3-phosphate
•
Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
•
Cellulose and starch
•
converts one form of energy to another (pressure stimulus converted to electrical energy of nerve impulse)
•
Gate of sodium ion channel forced open/ deformation by pressure
•
action potentials do not vary in size, either happens or doesn't (if reaches threshold potential (-50mV))
•
frequency of action potentials indicates strength
•
greater frequency = more intense
•
acclimitisation/runs out of vesicles/fatigued
•
Ensure one direction only
•
Intergration (convergence/divergence)
•
Summation (temporal/spatial)
•
memory and conscious thought
•
Filter out low level signals
•
diabetes mellitus
•
Needs to have a high blood glucose concentration so effect of insulin can be seen
•
16.8%
•
blood glucose concentration low/hypoglacaemia
•
red blood cells broken down and recycled in liver
•
therefore less Hb complex thing than there should be
•
detected by alpha cell receptors
•
glucaon secreted binds to complementary cells in liver
•
gluconeogenesis
•
glycogenolysis
•
more fatty acids used in respiration
•
role of adenyl cylase/cyclic AMP
•
acetylcholine
•
either pre or post synaptic membrane
•
stop secretion/stop binding
•
sinusoid
•
bile duct
•
hepatic portal vein (branch of)
•
hepatic artery (branch of)
•
hepatic vein (branch of)
•
hepatocytes and mitosis
•
rate increases as temperature increases
•
figures quoted, trend (5 to 10 degrees rate doubles)
•
low temperature (0 degrees)
•
Onion as slowest rate of respiration at all temperatures
•
don't know what else
•
celery as has highest rate at all temperatures
•
oxygen tightly held to haemoglobin
•
no oxygen was the selection pressure for natural selection
•
In mammals pyruvtae turned into lactate
•
lactate converted back to pyruvate in liver
•
in yeast CO2 released
•
Maybe doesn't have enzymes for conversion back?
•
PCT
•
All of them except the loop of henle and lower collecting duct
•
greater salt concentration in medulla
•
more water reabsorbed by osmosis from collecting duct
•
anabolic steroids