If it was a damaged disc, you wouldn't be able to squat as you'd be in absolute agony, I wouldn't rule it out entirely, but I'd be surprised
Source - my spine
Takes time to recover, do some back flexibility work (google yoga positions). Start from an empty bar and add 2.5-10kg a session until you're back to where you were. Still hurting? Go to your GP again and ask to be referred. This process should take at least a month, of adding weight