1) Pancreas and small intestine
a. Maltase has a specific tertiary (3D) structure and so forms a unique active site, only which a complementary substrate can enter – Maltose. Forming Enzyme-substrate complexes.
2) RER, golgi apparatus and mitochondria.
a. Magnification of 2000 (1/100)/5x10^-6) = 2000.
3) Lactose (disaccharide) hydrolysed into glucose and galactose which are both reducing sugars > whilst lactose remains undigested and so tastes less sweet.
i. Large surface area, and so increases exposure of the lactase enzyme to the lactose.
ii. Prevents contamination of the milk, doesn't contain lactase enzymes.
iii.
4) [Fish question]
a. Conclusions:
i. People who didn’t eat fish are more likely to suffer from asthma [data]
ii. Can’t remember x2
b. Test for lipids: grind the fish up, add ethanol and water and mix. A cloudy white colour/emulsion if form oils are present as they’re lipids.
5)[Whooping cough]
i. Number of cases decreases, elaborated that point.
ii. Religious, ethical, medical objects and so more people reject vaccinations.
The peaks) Number of vaccinations increased + how a vaccination works, produces memory cells which produces antibodies unique to the antigens of the bacteria.
Last part) Herd Immunity, majority of population are vaccinated in a given time period and so the number of cases is minimal this reduces the transmission of Whooping cough as no-one virtually is infected by it.
6)[Honey thing] Water potential decreases and so water moves in by osmosis from an area of higher WP to an an area of lower WP, down the concentration gradient. I went onto speaking about osmositc lysis which is apparently incorrect.
7)Heartbeat question - the range was like 71 - 53, can't entirely remember for 100%.i. The percentage decrease for women = 13.6%.ii. Stroke volume increases due to deeper contractions of the Heart Muscle, greater surge of blood per contraction.
8) Antigens/bacteria which antibodies are required for.
a. Facilitated diffusion, molecules bind onto the carrier proteins which causes them to change in shape and release to the opposite side – down the concentration gradient [high concentration to a lower concentration] from the blood – liver cells I think.
Reducing risk of CHD) less deposits of fatty substances such as LDL cholesterol and so likelihood of atheroma's developing is minimal and so reduces the risk of aneurysms and thrombosis.
9) Cell fractionation separates organelles in order of mass.
a. Animals cells placed in cold, isotonic and buffered solution – reduce enzyme activity, prevent osmotic movement (cells bursting or shrinking) and maintain contain pH, respectively.
b. Cells broken down in a Homogeniser which releases the organelles.
c. Resultant fluid, homogenate, filtered to remove whole cells and debris.
d. Homogenate spun in tubes in a Centrifuge. Nuclei sets at the bottom (heaviest organelle) as sediment. The reminisce known as supernatant which is removed and spun once more at a faster speed – Mitochondria sets at the bottom – sediment.
10) TEM has the highest resolving power and magnification, as it uses a beam of electrons which has a short wavelength and so diffraction is considerably lower.
a. TEM works by penetrating electrons through the specimen, some regions absorb the electrons appearing darker whilst other regions allow electrons to directly penetrate through, appearing brighter – onscreen image produced.
b. Limitations: black and white, 2D imagine [EXPLAIN]
c. Complex staining process – artefacts + specimen needs to be thin [EXPLAIN]
Misc questions:
-Asthma = muscles surrounding the bronchioles contract.
-Control group = treat exactly the same, but replace drug with a placebo.
-Pathogen = damage host tissues/cells and produce toxins.
-Using % = used for a comparison as the starting values are different, and so it's easier.