in regards to muslims, im sort of on the fence as to whether or not islamophobia reaches racism. let me play devil's advocate here When so many people from the middle east are constantly portrayed as violent, barbaric etc etc it becomes a matter of technicality, and not substance, that one is not racist when they say "muslims are x,y,z " because so many muslims of middle eastern or black complexion are being subjected to that language. it's like in america when people essentially substitute the n word for "thug" "sketchy" etc when talking about black people. when you have people using words like swarm and cockroaches to describe a set of people coming from devastated countries, and they all happen to be of a certain race & religion, i find it doubtful that people separate the religion from the skin colour in their denigration of the group. the leave campaign poster of hundreds of migrants moving from one place to another definitely had racism tones to it. if racism was as clear cut as "i dont like [input skin colour]" virtually no one would be racist, but racism is much more complex than that.