[Kevlar]

Look at these last so you don't focus your revision on them, you can use them if your stuck on a particular topic and use it to look for questions relating to the topic using this.

These notes were written by an OCR biology as+a2 team leader who unfortunately passed away during half term, and his predictions have been accurate many a time.

Analysis of past papers A2 Biology.

Remember at least 1 of the Jan ’09 topics will be repeated but given a new twist.

Central Concepts

Energy and respiration – 

Jan ’09 – ATP structure and anaerobic structure

June ’08 – RQ value of fat, structure of mitochondria adaptations for aerobic respiration.

Jan ’08 – Role of red NAD in aerobic + anaerobic respiration

June ’07 – ATP structure and role , Role of NAD + FAD 

Jan ’07 – Kreb’s cycle – role of NADH

June ’06 – Respirometer, essay + Q10 resp + P/S

Jan ’06 – Glycolysis, anaerobic resp, fat respired.

June ’05 – mitochondria structure + oxidative phosphorylation. 

Jan ’05 – ATP structure, production by substrate level + oxidative phosphorylation role in Nerves of ATP + compare Oxidative Phosphorylation with photophosphorylation.

June ’04 – Glycolysis + Anaerobic respiration role of NAD

Suggestions – Compare Oxidative and photophosphorylation. 

Respirometers – how to set them up.

Kreb’s cycle + stages of respiration.

Photosynthesis – 

Jan ’09 – Non cyclic Photophosphorylation + herbicide

June ’08 – Calvin cycle + limiting factors

Jan ’08 – Limiting factors – sun/shade plants + leaf adaptations

June ’07 – Limiting factors + temperature – role of NADP

Jan ’07 – P/S pigments + essay light dependent stage

June’06 – Co2 levels + q 10

Jan ’06 -  Chloroplast structure – photophosphorylation.

June ’05 – pigments link to calvin cycle – essay calvin cycle

Jan ’05 – Sun shade leaves + adaptations of Palisade mesophyll cell

June ’04 – Adaptations of leaf + practical on leave discs floating

Suggestions – practical work on P/S eg light intensity or wavelength.

Details of the roles of pigments action and absorption spectrum + Rubisco.

Role of NADP + Calvin cycle – limiting factors

Populations and interactions –  No main question Jan ’04 but on Synoptic paper.

Jan ’09 – Salt marsh – succession and sampling techniques – transect line

June ’08 – predator /Prey

Jan ’08 – bacteria growth curve + carrying capacity

June ’07 – Sampling techniques + succession.

Jan ’07 – Coppicing + role of fungi decomposersJune ’06 – lemmings – carrying capacity

Jan ’06 – tiger populations + sub species    June ’05 – bacteria growth curves

Jan ’05 – Interspecific competition birds – deep + shallow feeders + N pollution in water

June ’04 – Succession in Sand Dunes + techniques to sample.

Jan ’04 – Nitrate pollution of rivers – possible role for GM crops N fixing

Suggestions – Nitrogen pollution- eutrophication in water + Predator/Prey 

Meiosis, Genetics and gene control 

Jan ’09 – Multiple alleles – blood groups + Human genome project

June ’08 – Meiosis - Essay on variation in meiosis + sex linkage in MPB

Jan ’08 – Lac Operon + sex linked genetic problem

June ’07 – Multiple Alleles cross

Jan ’07 – Meiosis – Dihybrid cross 1;1:1:1 + chi squared

June ’06 – Meiosis + sex linked inheritance

Jan ’06 – Meiosis – Daphnia – Meiosis essay

June ’05 – Dihybrid cross + lac operon

Jan ’05 – Sex linked cross + role of mutations in evolution.

June ’04 – Multiple alleles.

Suggestions – Genetic cross – Dihybrid + chi squared

Phenylketonuria or sickle cell anaemia – point mutations and consequences, environment and phenotype. Meiosis identify a stage.

Classification, selection and evolution – 

Jan ’09 – Classification KPCOFGS – artificial selection

June ’08 – Finches – beak sizes

Jan ’08 – Fungi and artificial selection against resistance to fungicides

June ’07 – Gene pool stability - evolution

Jan ’07 – Fungi classify, sea horse speciation

June ’06 – essay – snail shells natural selection

Jan ’06 – Classify + tiger speciation sub species

June ’05 – Vit K alleles + natural selection

Jan ’05 – Polyploidy evolution of wheat + artificial selection

June ’04 – Classification Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic cells + DNA mutations in evolution

Suggestions – types of speciation, classification- 5 kingdoms, example of natural selection. Allopatric and Sympatric mechanisms + gene pool stability

Control, coordination and homeostasis – 

Jan ’09 – Kidney ICT – selective reabsorption + insulin/Glucagon control blood glucose 

June ’08 – Pacinian corpuscle – initiate an action potential + synapse drug calcium blocker

Jan ’08 – IAA+ GA on lateral buds + Glucogenesis + insulin + diabetes

June ’07 – LOTS on Plants – Data analysis + essay 

Jan ’07 – Nerve structure – action potential essay myelin + non myelinated + gibberelin expt analysis

June ’06 – Kidney – selective reabsorption + volume of urine

Jan ’06 – reflex arc, kidney reabsorption , hormones

June ’05 – myelin/non myelinated nerve essay impulse + control of blood glucose

Jan ’05 – Kidney filtration + reabsorption + role of kidney in maintaining water potential.

Plant growth factors role of 2 egs. Role of ATP in neurons.

June ’04 – IAA + Gibberelin data analysis.

Suggestions – Kidney - ADH and osmoregulation or Ultrafiltration

Structure  of nerves --Action potentials – sodium gates etc; or synapse. 

Plant growth factors – Auxin or the others – interpret data handling question.

Mammalian Physiology and Behaviour.

Mammalian Nutrition – 

Jan ’09 – digestion, protein structure + pancreas cancer

June ’08 – Dental formulae – colon structure and function.

Jan ’08 – Compare carnivore and herbivore skulls + teeth - essay

June ’07 – Stomach – mucus, data + ileum adaptations

Jan ’07 – Teeth Carnivores, starch digestion + colon structure

June’06 – Endo/exopeptidase + pancreas structure CCK, secretin + autodigestion pancreas

Jan ’06 – Gastrin ruminant amino acids essay

June ’05 – Stomach self digestion - mitochondria + golgi role

Jan ’05 – Skull and adaptations of herbivore – kangaroo + digestion role of hormones + coelic disease – comprehension.

June ’04 – Hormones and control of digestion + Adaptations of herbivore - rabbits 

Suggestions – 

Pancreas histology and role in digestion. 

Role of hormones and nerves in controlling digestion and secretions.

Stomach + ileum T.S. – ways to avoid self digestion in stomach

Herbivore adaptations – compare Giraffe + elephant, ruminants + caecum?

Liver – 

Jan ’09 – CHO metabolism + diabetes

June ’08 – Alcohol on nerves/liver metabolism

Jan ’08 – Blood proteins – role in water potential + exchange in capillaries - Kwashiokor

June ’07 – CHO metabolism – insulin + Glucagon, transamination + ornithine cycle

Jan ’07 – Liver cancer + cirrhosis Blood clotting

June ’06 – LDL/HDLs + cholesterol + CHD

Jan ’06 – lobule structure + bile + alcohol metabolism + alcohol – cirrhosis in liver

June ’05 – Bear metabolism – bile/urea/cholesterol

Jan ’05 – CHO metabolism – Glycogenlysis + Gluconeogenesis.

June ’04 – CHO metabolism + Insulin + Glucagon + HDLs/LDLs + CHD link.

Suggestions – Liver structure em – lobules, Protein metabolism – 

Haemoglobin metabolism/ bile production. Vitamins A etc

Alcohol effects on nervous system + social consequences. 

CHO + Fat metabolism – Gluconeogensis  - Bear coming out of hibernation?

Support and Locomotion – 

Jan ’09 – Neuromuscular junction + essay muscle contraction

June ’08 – osteoblast/clasts + Glucosamine – muscle contraction essay

Jan ’08 – Pentadactyl limb + synapse

June ’07 – cartilage and synovial joint, Osteoporesis

Jan ’07 – pentadactyl limb/ ligaments + cartilage/ antagonistic muscles

June’06 – bone and cartilage structure role of osteoblasts + hormonal - oestoporosis

Jan ’06 – muscle contraction essay – synapse + muscle contraction essay

June ’05 – thoracic + lumbar structure essay – osteoarthritis + osteoporesis + muscle reflex arc synoptic RNA + oxygen consumption.

Jan ’05 – Kangaroo pentadactyl limb

June ’04 – Neuromuscular junction – initiation of a muscle contraction

Suggestions - EM – Muscle contraction in detail, 

Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis. 

Bones general structure and role of osteoclasts/blasts

especially - compare thoracic and lumbar – elephant/giraffe

The nervous system + Brain– 

Jan ’09 – Brain structure – role of Sodium in nerves + pain reception

June ’08 – alzheimer’s essay

Jan ’08 – Parasympathetic + sympathetic N.S

June ’07 – Cerebellum + role of sympathetic N.S. + Alzheimer’s data

Jan’07 – alzheimer’s PET scan + Hypothalamus + Pituitary – ADH production

June ’06 – SNS + PNS comparison essay – heart rate control.

Jan ’06 – label parts of brain + function – synapse + Alzheimer’s

June ’05 – cerebral cortex structure + CSF + hydrocephalus.

Jan ’05 –  Cerebellum + medulla + alzheimer’s treatment – understanding of synapses.

June ’04 – Brain label + Alzheimer’s data interpretation drugs to treat Alzheimer’s + role of parasympathetic + sympathetic NS – eye. Reflex arc – details of the neurone + synapse to initiate an action potential. 

Suggestions – Cerebrum, Hypothalamus + Pituitary Gland structure and function – role of C.S.F. and Alzheimers’s – possible treatments to reduce plaques.

Eye and ear – 

Jan ’09 – Rods and structure of ganglia cells etc; Retina pigmentosa + catarcts

June’08 – Ear adaptions + sex linked inheritance

Jan ’08 – Retina – rods + cones

June ’07 – Basis rods + cones, accommodation + essay – Iodopsin + Brain

Jan ’07 – Hearing + genetic condition

June ’07 – Balance essay + bats radar

Jan ’06 – Seals – rods + cones + tapetum + ciliary muscles + cataracts

June ’05 – Hearing + defects of ossicles

Jan ’05 –Cataracts + different types of eye defects – comprehension.

June ’04 – eye – accommodation + cat’s vision + ageing on the lens.

Suggestions – Ears – hearing or balance- depolarizing hair cells.

Eyes – rods or cones - accomodation

Adaptations – Meerkats to high light intensity – cones are stimulated etc;

Behaviour –  

Jan ’09 – Learning, classical and operant comparison

June ’08 – Rats – operant conditioning

Jan ’08 – Operant Conditioning

June ’07 – Simple reflex, Associative learning + synapse synoptic

Jan ’07 – learning behaviour – experiment

June ’06 – associative behaviour – learning experiment rats

Jan ’06 – lambs learning + reflex arcs

June  ’05 – reflex arc

Jan ’05 – Definitions of all types of behaviour + operant conditioning in cat. essay

June ’04 – reflex – chimps holding on to mother.

Suggestions – comparison learnt and more complex behaviour.

Simple reflexs 1 or 2 synapse - Interpreting some experiment.

Compare higher and lower monkey behavior – squirrel monkey + chimpanzee


General comments - Remember – always on this paper – some drug mechanism – role of placebo or control or some new treatment designed to reduce damage to tissue through – keyhole surgery or decreases risk of infection or reduce rejection

Always – quote comparison of 2 sets of data and units must be quoted from both axis – even a.u. – arbitrary units. 

Also try to manipulate the figures – eg this is 3x higher.

Maths – magnification I/O=M keep the units the same in mm if possible and 

1,000 um =1mm. 

Don’t forget 12 synoptic marks out of /90

·     cell organelle structures/

·     plasma membrane structure - fluid mosaic, 

·     enzymes, hydrolysis/condensation reactions

·     biochemistry of bonds – peptide/glycosidic/ester, 

·     role of cholesterol in the membrane and in the body

·     LDL/HDLs and CHD – atherosclerosis – in the wall of the artery.

·     Basic genetic crosses – heterozygous carriers 1in 4 chance, but watch out for dominant inheritance 1in 2 chance.

·     Definitions of tissue and organ – different tissues working together more efficiently. Same cells – working together in a tissue.

·     Proteins changing their hydrogen/ disulphide/ionic bonds/hydrophobic interactions to change the secondary/tertiary/quartenary structure by a random mutation of the DNA. 

·     Changes in transcription DNA to mRNA + in the nucleus

·     Translation – different amino acid primary sequence joined together at the ribosomes.

·     Golgi – add to/modify the protein – lipid or CHO to make a Glycoprotein.

·     Role of Golgi in secretions.

·     Properties of water

·     Biochemistry of respiration – Glycolysis, Link reaction, Kreb’s cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation.

·     Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration.

[xxAndrewxx]

Ahh cheers. Any for synoptic or GDR?

[* Dain Bramaged *]

Originally Posted by Kevlar

Look at these last so you don't focus your revision on them, you can use them if your stuck on a particular topic and use it to look for questions relating to the topic using this.

These notes were written by an OCR biology as+a2 team leader who unfortunately passed away during half term, and his predictions have been accurate many a time.

Analysis of past papers A2 Biology.

Remember at least 1 of the Jan ’09 topics will be repeated but given a new twist.

Central Concepts

Energy and respiration – 

Jan ’09 – ATP structure and anaerobic structure

June ’08 – RQ value of fat, structure of mitochondria adaptations for aerobic respiration.

Jan ’08 – Role of red NAD in aerobic + anaerobic respiration

June ’07 – ATP structure and role , Role of NAD + FAD 

Jan ’07 – Kreb’s cycle – role of NADH

June ’06 – Respirometer, essay + Q10 resp + P/S

Jan ’06 – Glycolysis, anaerobic resp, fat respired.

June ’05 – mitochondria structure + oxidative phosphorylation. 

Jan ’05 – ATP structure, production by substrate level + oxidative phosphorylation role in Nerves of ATP + compare Oxidative Phosphorylation with photophosphorylation.

June ’04 – Glycolysis + Anaerobic respiration role of NAD

Suggestions – Compare Oxidative and photophosphorylation. 

Respirometers – how to set them up.

Kreb’s cycle + stages of respiration.

Photosynthesis – 

Jan ’09 – Non cyclic Photophosphorylation + herbicide

June ’08 – Calvin cycle + limiting factors

Jan ’08 – Limiting factors – sun/shade plants + leaf adaptations

June ’07 – Limiting factors + temperature – role of NADP

Jan ’07 – P/S pigments + essay light dependent stage

June’06 – Co2 levels + q 10

Jan ’06 -  Chloroplast structure – photophosphorylation.

June ’05 – pigments link to calvin cycle – essay calvin cycle

Jan ’05 – Sun shade leaves + adaptations of Palisade mesophyll cell

June ’04 – Adaptations of leaf + practical on leave discs floating

Suggestions – practical work on P/S eg light intensity or wavelength.

Details of the roles of pigments action and absorption spectrum + Rubisco.

Role of NADP + Calvin cycle – limiting factors

Populations and interactions –  No main question Jan ’04 but on Synoptic paper.

Jan ’09 – Salt marsh – succession and sampling techniques – transect line

June ’08 – predator /Prey

Jan ’08 – bacteria growth curve + carrying capacity

June ’07 – Sampling techniques + succession.

Jan ’07 – Coppicing + role of fungi decomposersJune ’06 – lemmings – carrying capacity

Jan ’06 – tiger populations + sub species    June ’05 – bacteria growth curves

Jan ’05 – Interspecific competition birds – deep + shallow feeders + N pollution in water

June ’04 – Succession in Sand Dunes + techniques to sample.

Jan ’04 – Nitrate pollution of rivers – possible role for GM crops N fixing

Suggestions – Nitrogen pollution- eutrophication in water + Predator/Prey 

Meiosis, Genetics and gene control 

Jan ’09 – Multiple alleles – blood groups + Human genome project

June ’08 – Meiosis - Essay on variation in meiosis + sex linkage in MPB

Jan ’08 – Lac Operon + sex linked genetic problem

June ’07 – Multiple Alleles cross

Jan ’07 – Meiosis – Dihybrid cross 1;1:1:1 + chi squared

June ’06 – Meiosis + sex linked inheritance

Jan ’06 – Meiosis – Daphnia – Meiosis essay

June ’05 – Dihybrid cross + lac operon

Jan ’05 – Sex linked cross + role of mutations in evolution.

June ’04 – Multiple alleles.

Suggestions – Genetic cross – Dihybrid + chi squared

Phenylketonuria or sickle cell anaemia – point mutations and consequences, environment and phenotype. Meiosis identify a stage.

Classification, selection and evolution – 

Jan ’09 – Classification KPCOFGS – artificial selection

June ’08 – Finches – beak sizes

Jan ’08 – Fungi and artificial selection against resistance to fungicides

June ’07 – Gene pool stability - evolution

Jan ’07 – Fungi classify, sea horse speciation

June ’06 – essay – snail shells natural selection

Jan ’06 – Classify + tiger speciation sub species

June ’05 – Vit K alleles + natural selection

Jan ’05 – Polyploidy evolution of wheat + artificial selection

June ’04 – Classification Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic cells + DNA mutations in evolution

Suggestions – types of speciation, classification- 5 kingdoms, example of natural selection. Allopatric and Sympatric mechanisms + gene pool stability

Control, coordination and homeostasis – 

Jan ’09 – Kidney ICT – selective reabsorption + insulin/Glucagon control blood glucose 

June ’08 – Pacinian corpuscle – initiate an action potential + synapse drug calcium blocker

Jan ’08 – IAA+ GA on lateral buds + Glucogenesis + insulin + diabetes

June ’07 – LOTS on Plants – Data analysis + essay 

Jan ’07 – Nerve structure – action potential essay myelin + non myelinated + gibberelin expt analysis

June ’06 – Kidney – selective reabsorption + volume of urine

Jan ’06 – reflex arc, kidney reabsorption , hormones

June ’05 – myelin/non myelinated nerve essay impulse + control of blood glucose

Jan ’05 – Kidney filtration + reabsorption + role of kidney in maintaining water potential.

Plant growth factors role of 2 egs. Role of ATP in neurons.

June ’04 – IAA + Gibberelin data analysis.

Suggestions – Kidney - ADH and osmoregulation or Ultrafiltration

Structure  of nerves --Action potentials – sodium gates etc; or synapse. 

Plant growth factors – Auxin or the others – interpret data handling question.

Mammalian Physiology and Behaviour.

Mammalian Nutrition – 

Jan ’09 – digestion, protein structure + pancreas cancer

June ’08 – Dental formulae – colon structure and function.

Jan ’08 – Compare carnivore and herbivore skulls + teeth - essay

June ’07 – Stomach – mucus, data + ileum adaptations

Jan ’07 – Teeth Carnivores, starch digestion + colon structure

June’06 – Endo/exopeptidase + pancreas structure CCK, secretin + autodigestion pancreas

Jan ’06 – Gastrin ruminant amino acids essay

June ’05 – Stomach self digestion - mitochondria + golgi role

Jan ’05 – Skull and adaptations of herbivore – kangaroo + digestion role of hormones + coelic disease – comprehension.

June ’04 – Hormones and control of digestion + Adaptations of herbivore - rabbits 

Suggestions – 

Pancreas histology and role in digestion. 

Role of hormones and nerves in controlling digestion and secretions.

Stomach + ileum T.S. – ways to avoid self digestion in stomach

Herbivore adaptations – compare Giraffe + elephant, ruminants + caecum?

Liver – 

Jan ’09 – CHO metabolism + diabetes

June ’08 – Alcohol on nerves/liver metabolism

Jan ’08 – Blood proteins – role in water potential + exchange in capillaries - Kwashiokor

June ’07 – CHO metabolism – insulin + Glucagon, transamination + ornithine cycle

Jan ’07 – Liver cancer + cirrhosis Blood clotting

June ’06 – LDL/HDLs + cholesterol + CHD

Jan ’06 – lobule structure + bile + alcohol metabolism + alcohol – cirrhosis in liver

June ’05 – Bear metabolism – bile/urea/cholesterol

Jan ’05 – CHO metabolism – Glycogenlysis + Gluconeogenesis.

June ’04 – CHO metabolism + Insulin + Glucagon + HDLs/LDLs + CHD link.

Suggestions – Liver structure em – lobules, Protein metabolism – 

Haemoglobin metabolism/ bile production. Vitamins A etc

Alcohol effects on nervous system + social consequences. 

CHO + Fat metabolism – Gluconeogensis  - Bear coming out of hibernation?

Support and Locomotion – 

Jan ’09 – Neuromuscular junction + essay muscle contraction

June ’08 – osteoblast/clasts + Glucosamine – muscle contraction essay

Jan ’08 – Pentadactyl limb + synapse

June ’07 – cartilage and synovial joint, Osteoporesis

Jan ’07 – pentadactyl limb/ ligaments + cartilage/ antagonistic muscles

June’06 – bone and cartilage structure role of osteoblasts + hormonal - oestoporosis

Jan ’06 – muscle contraction essay – synapse + muscle contraction essay

June ’05 – thoracic + lumbar structure essay – osteoarthritis + osteoporesis + muscle reflex arc synoptic RNA + oxygen consumption.

Jan ’05 – Kangaroo pentadactyl limb

June ’04 – Neuromuscular junction – initiation of a muscle contraction

Suggestions - EM – Muscle contraction in detail, 

Osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis. 

Bones general structure and role of osteoclasts/blasts

especially - compare thoracic and lumbar – elephant/giraffe

The nervous system + Brain– 

Jan ’09 – Brain structure – role of Sodium in nerves + pain reception

June ’08 – alzheimer’s essay

Jan ’08 – Parasympathetic + sympathetic N.S

June ’07 – Cerebellum + role of sympathetic N.S. + Alzheimer’s data

Jan’07 – alzheimer’s PET scan + Hypothalamus + Pituitary – ADH production

June ’06 – SNS + PNS comparison essay – heart rate control.

Jan ’06 – label parts of brain + function – synapse + Alzheimer’s

June ’05 – cerebral cortex structure + CSF + hydrocephalus.

Jan ’05 –  Cerebellum + medulla + alzheimer’s treatment – understanding of synapses.

June ’04 – Brain label + Alzheimer’s data interpretation drugs to treat Alzheimer’s + role of parasympathetic + sympathetic NS – eye. Reflex arc – details of the neurone + synapse to initiate an action potential. 

Suggestions – Cerebrum, Hypothalamus + Pituitary Gland structure and function – role of C.S.F. and Alzheimers’s – possible treatments to reduce plaques.

Eye and ear – 

Jan ’09 – Rods and structure of ganglia cells etc; Retina pigmentosa + catarcts

June’08 – Ear adaptions + sex linked inheritance

Jan ’08 – Retina – rods + cones

June ’07 – Basis rods + cones, accommodation + essay – Iodopsin + Brain

Jan ’07 – Hearing + genetic condition

June ’07 – Balance essay + bats radar

Jan ’06 – Seals – rods + cones + tapetum + ciliary muscles + cataracts

June ’05 – Hearing + defects of ossicles

Jan ’05 –Cataracts + different types of eye defects – comprehension.

June ’04 – eye – accommodation + cat’s vision + ageing on the lens.

Suggestions – Ears – hearing or balance- depolarizing hair cells.

Eyes – rods or cones - accomodation

Adaptations – Meerkats to high light intensity – cones are stimulated etc;

Behaviour –  

Jan ’09 – Learning, classical and operant comparison

June ’08 – Rats – operant conditioning

Jan ’08 – Operant Conditioning

June ’07 – Simple reflex, Associative learning + synapse synoptic

Jan ’07 – learning behaviour – experiment

June ’06 – associative behaviour – learning experiment rats

Jan ’06 – lambs learning + reflex arcs

June  ’05 – reflex arc

Jan ’05 – Definitions of all types of behaviour + operant conditioning in cat. essay

June ’04 – reflex – chimps holding on to mother.

Suggestions – comparison learnt and more complex behaviour.

Simple reflexs 1 or 2 synapse - Interpreting some experiment.

Compare higher and lower monkey behavior – squirrel monkey + chimpanzee


General comments - Remember – always on this paper – some drug mechanism – role of placebo or control or some new treatment designed to reduce damage to tissue through – keyhole surgery or decreases risk of infection or reduce rejection

Always – quote comparison of 2 sets of data and units must be quoted from both axis – even a.u. – arbitrary units. 

Also try to manipulate the figures – eg this is 3x higher.

Maths – magnification I/O=M keep the units the same in mm if possible and 

1,000 um =1mm. 

Don’t forget 12 synoptic marks out of /90

·     cell organelle structures/

·     plasma membrane structure - fluid mosaic, 

·     enzymes, hydrolysis/condensation reactions

·     biochemistry of bonds – peptide/glycosidic/ester, 

·     role of cholesterol in the membrane and in the body

·     LDL/HDLs and CHD – atherosclerosis – in the wall of the artery.

·     Basic genetic crosses – heterozygous carriers 1in 4 chance, but watch out for dominant inheritance 1in 2 chance.

·     Definitions of tissue and organ – different tissues working together more efficiently. Same cells – working together in a tissue.

·     Proteins changing their hydrogen/ disulphide/ionic bonds/hydrophobic interactions to change the secondary/tertiary/quartenary structure by a random mutation of the DNA. 

·     Changes in transcription DNA to mRNA + in the nucleus

·     Translation – different amino acid primary sequence joined together at the ribosomes.

·     Golgi – add to/modify the protein – lipid or CHO to make a Glycoprotein.

·     Role of Golgi in secretions.

·     Properties of water

·     Biochemistry of respiration – Glycolysis, Link reaction, Kreb’s cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation.

·     Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration.

Thats awesomw thanks mate. And sorry to hear that.
However how is he able to be so specific. I.e. how could he possibly know about a hibernating bear and a meerkat being in it? Not exactly typical syllabus stuff

[* Dain Bramaged *]

???????

[kammiek]

yeh i agree with him^^

[Loz17]

Thats great, thanks

[VIcky _X]

How does he no that?

[-XxX-]

This is going to sound so thick, but what? are we supposed to revise or not revise the above?

im sorry im stupid

EDIT: I get it and it only took me an hour :P
look at what exams have done to y brain

thankyou

[Viscous]

Originally Posted by -XxX-

This is going to sound so thick, but what? are we supposed to revise or not revise the above?

im sorry im stupid

EDIT: I get it and it only took me an hour :P
look at what exams have done to y brain

thankyou

I still don't get it , which are the parts that the guy has suggested to revise, it seems like the whole syllabus to me?

[-XxX-]

Originally Posted by Viscous

I still don't get it , which are the parts that the guy has suggested to revise, it seems like the whole syllabus to me?

hehe
the parts next to "suggestions" is what we should go over

[Viscous]

Originally Posted by -XxX-

hehe
the parts next to "suggestions" is what we should go over

kl, thanks

[Kevlar]

Originally Posted by * Dain Bramaged *

Thats awesomw thanks mate. And sorry to hear that.
However how is he able to be so specific. I.e. how could he possibly know about a hibernating bear and a meerkat being in it? Not exactly typical syllabus stuff

I have no idea but i swear down if meerkats come up on the mam phys paper im gonna laugh he printed of us a special worksheet and everything on them

[VIcky _X]

who is this man?

[xxAndrewxx]

is there anything on GDR or synoptic. I find these all very strange that their is a special team which analyse past papers

[Loogie]

I also go to this college, His prediction have been good, but dont rely on these by any means, this is the last year so there bound to be a out of norm
He knows this meerkat stuff, because examiners get sent an email, and they have hints in it, and this year it said something about a bear and meerkats, but the emails can be misleading too.

[* Dain Bramaged *]

Originally Posted by Loogie

I also go to this college, His prediction have been good, but dont rely on these by any means, this is the last year so there bound to be a out of norm
He knows this meerkat stuff, because examiners get sent an email, and they have hints in it, and this year it said something about a bear and meerkats, but the emails can be misleading too.

yers, but we can't just learn about meerkats and bears can we. If it asks questions on them, it'd be like, how is a meercat apapted, you just put camouflage and fast, then sumat about bear, small ears for heat loss, insulation from fat, thick fur for warmth, small surface area to volume ration etc....

knowing that its bear and meerkat doesn't help does it? or are you specifically learning about a meercat and a bear now?

[Loogie]

Meercats have dark eyes, so they can look into the sky to see if prey are coming for them, without the sun hurting their eyes because the black around their eyes absorped the light...something along these lines..all im sayign basically is that its application, knowing about traits of animals can be useful..meerkats is an example, the emails might just a warning kind of thing, making sure we kind of know concepts which might be applied in different ways.
jeez im babbling here sorry.

yers, but we can't just learn about meerkats and bears can we. If it asks questions on them, it'd be like, how is a meercat apapted, you just put camouflage and fast, then sumat about bear, small ears for heat loss, insulation from fat, thick fur for warmth, small surface area to volume ration etc....

knowing that its bear and meerkat doesn't help does it? or are you specifically learning about a meercat and a bear now?

[xsmileex]

are those predictions for june 12th paper???

[foxhound_1b]

haha, i know im late, i saw this the night before the exam..

Thanks to this guy, i believe i got about 100%

RIP =(
And 9001 thanks to OP!

[Loz17]

Some were right, natural seceltion and dihybrid cross came up