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Revision:AS Chemistry - Organic Reactions

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TSR Wiki > Study Help > Subjects and Revision > Revision Notes > Chemistry > AS Chemistry - Organic Reactions


Organic compound Reagent/reactant Condition Classification
Alkane O2 In gaseous state Combustion,produces water & CO2
Cl2­­, Br2, I2 Sunlight, organic solvent Homolytic free radical substitution,produces halogenoalkanes
Alkene H2 Nickel cat, 4atm, 100<suo>o</sup>C Heterolytic eletrophilic addition,produces alkanes
Cl2, Br2, I2 Aqueous or organic, reaction with Br water used to test for alkenes Heterolytic eletrophilic addition,produces RX with 2 halogen atoms
HCl, HBr, HI Gas phase or inert/organic solvent Heterolytic eletrophilic addition,markovnikov’s rule, cabocation stability,produces RX
KMnO4 , acidified potassium mangnate (VII) Purple colour of solution decolorises when added to alkenes. Oxidation, heterolytic eletrophilic addition,produces diols
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 cat 300oC, 60atm, ethanol the reaction is reversible and yield is 95% as unused gases are recycled. Hetrolytic electrophilic addition.,steam hydration produces ethanol
Alkene Oxygen containing compound to initiate reaction. Ethene polymerises to low density polyethene at 200 oC and 20000atm. Addition Polymerisation
H2SO4 and water. The H2SO4 acts as a catalyst and is recovered in the end when water reacts with alkyl hydrogen sulphates to produce ROH Electrophilic addition reaction
RCl, RBr, RI

Haloalkanes
KOH, NAOH Warm, aqueous under reflux Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution, RX hydrolysed to ROH nu- is OH-, iodoalkanes are fastest to hydrolyse because their bonds are the weakest.
KOH Warm in ethanol, in anhydrous conditions and under reflux Elimination, produces alkenes and KX
KCN Ethanol, under reflux this produces nitriles, nu- is CN- Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution,this produces -
NH3 NH3 is dissolved in ethanol, heated under reflux. Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution, this produces amines.
ROH, Alcohols K2Cr2O72-/H+

acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
For 1mary RX under reflux for ROOH production, distillation for aldehydes

For 2ndry ROH under reflux for ketones
Oxidation, for primary secondary but tertiary ROH can’t be oxidised.
H2SO4(l) Reflux at 170oC Dehydration produces c=c
Al2O3(s) 300oC Dehydration produces c=c
H3PO3 70oC Dehydration produces c=c
PCl5(l) Room temp used to test for OH group when added to OH acidic fumes produced turning blue litmus paper red Halogenation,produces chloroalkanes
NaBr(s)/H2SO4(l) Reflux, HBR is made in situ from sulphuric acid and NBr Halogenation produces bromoalaknes, nucleophilic substitution
Red P + I2 Reflux Halogenation produces iodoalkanes
Na metal Na will react gently with ROH This produces alkoxides such as sodium ethanoate and H gas
ROOH Warm with a conc acid catalyst This produces esters the O-H bond is broken in the Esterification reaction


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