| Organic compound
| Reagent/reactant
| Condition
| Classification
|
| Alkane
| O2
| In gaseous state
| Combustion,produces water & CO2
|
| Cl2, Br2, I2
| Sunlight, organic solvent
| Homolytic free radical substitution,produces halogenoalkanes
|
| Alkene
| H2
| Nickel cat, 4atm, 100<suo>o</sup>C
| Heterolytic eletrophilic addition,produces alkanes
|
| Cl2, Br2, I2
| Aqueous or organic, reaction with Br water used to test for alkenes
| Heterolytic eletrophilic addition,produces RX with 2 halogen atoms
|
| HCl, HBr, HI
| Gas phase or inert/organic solvent
| Heterolytic eletrophilic addition,markovnikov’s rule, cabocation stability,produces RX
|
| KMnO4 , acidified potassium mangnate (VII)
| Purple colour of solution decolorises when added to alkenes.
| Oxidation, heterolytic eletrophilic addition,produces diols
|
| Phosphoric acid H3PO4 cat
| 300oC, 60atm, ethanol the reaction is reversible and yield is 95% as unused gases are recycled.
| Hetrolytic electrophilic addition.,steam hydration produces ethanol
|
| Alkene
| Oxygen containing compound to initiate reaction. Ethene polymerises to low density polyethene at 200 oC and 20000atm.
| Addition Polymerisation
|
| H2SO4 and water.
| The H2SO4 acts as a catalyst and is recovered in the end when water reacts with alkyl hydrogen sulphates to produce ROH
| Electrophilic addition reaction
|
RCl, RBr, RI
Haloalkanes
| KOH, NAOH
| Warm, aqueous under reflux
| Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution, RX hydrolysed to ROH nu- is OH-, iodoalkanes are fastest to hydrolyse because their bonds are the weakest.
|
| KOH
| Warm in ethanol, in anhydrous conditions and under reflux
| Elimination, produces alkenes and KX
|
| KCN
| Ethanol, under reflux this produces nitriles, nu- is CN-
| Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution,this produces -
|
| NH3
| NH3 is dissolved in ethanol, heated under reflux.
| Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution, this produces amines.
|
| ROH, Alcohols
| K2Cr2O72-/H+
acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
| For 1mary RX under reflux for ROOH production, distillation for aldehydes
For 2ndry ROH under reflux for ketones
| Oxidation, for primary secondary but tertiary ROH can’t be oxidised.
|
| H2SO4(l)
| Reflux at 170oC
| Dehydration produces c=c
|
| Al2O3(s)
| 300oC
| Dehydration produces c=c
|
| H3PO3
| 70oC
| Dehydration produces c=c
|
| PCl5(l)
| Room temp used to test for OH group when added to OH acidic fumes produced turning blue litmus paper red
| Halogenation,produces chloroalkanes
|
| NaBr(s)/H2SO4(l)
| Reflux, HBR is made in situ from sulphuric acid and NBr
| Halogenation produces bromoalaknes, nucleophilic substitution
|
| Red P + I2
| Reflux
| Halogenation produces iodoalkanes
|
| Na metal
| Na will react gently with ROH
| This produces alkoxides such as sodium ethanoate and H gas
|
| ROOH
| Warm with a conc acid catalyst
| This produces esters the O-H bond is broken in the Esterification reaction
|
