Revision:A Level Sociology - Religion
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Religion & Social Change
- Maduro: (neo-Marxist); religion has ‘relative autonomy’ from economic structure of bourgeoisie & is not always conservative.
- Kautsky: (against Weber); development of Capitalism led to development of Prot. ideas to justify economic activities of bourgeoisie.
- Berger: (Weberian); ‘sacred canopy’ of theodicies to make sense of world.
- MacGuire: factors determining radical/conservative = belief, culture, social location, internal organisation.
- Thompson: factors determining radical/conservative = charismatic leaders, relationship to society, status of membership, presence of alternative avenues to change, organisational structure.
Religion & Ethnicity
- Davie: Why ethnic minorities are more religious.
- Johal: 2ndGen: Empowerment through difference & selective cultural preferences.
- Durkheim: Uniting into distinct social group through shared norms.
- Modood: Religion less important to 2ndGen (family reasons more).
- Butler: Cultural hybridity – maintain rel.id. but integrate into soc.
Religion & Gender
- Davie: Gendered God; women associated with birth & death.
- Holm: Rel. doesn’t compensate for but reflects women’s position.
- Bruce: Secularisation - rel privatised - women more active in home.
- Armstrong: Male Gods to justify aggression of invasion of soc.
- El Sadawi: Men wrote & interpreted scriptures; not inherently pat.
- Holm & Bawker: Rel. groups for women forerunners of women’s movement.
- Miller & Hoffman: More religious – differential socialisation & roles.
- Glock & Stark: Social, organismic, and ethical deprivation. (-sects).
Secularisation
- Bruce: Christianity dying out. Due to: fragmentation of social life; disappearance of community; increasing rationalisation.
- Stark: Age of faith is a myth.
- Davie: Believing without belonging.
- Foucault: Rise of science undermines rel discourse in modernity.
- Turner: Role of religion was to control sexuality of body for benefit of economy. In late capitalism importance of family for economic accumulation declines & .: so does importance of legitimacy.
- Brierly: Age-bias in congregation does not look good for future.
Religious Organisation
- Troeltsch: Typology of church / denomination / sect / cult.
- Wallis: Typology of NRMs: world-affirming/rejecting/accepting.
- Bruce: Religious pluralism undermines conditions for Church.
- Robertson: Churches now increasingly distancing selves from state.
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