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Cells

Robert hook discovered cells in the 1665. A typical cell is 20 micrometers wide.

Animal cells have four things:

• A Nucleus – controls the cell and contains genetic information
• A cell membrane – Decides what gets in and out of the cell and holds it together
• Cytoplasm – Where the cell’s enzyme work (In animals there are granules of glycogen which is stored food. In plants there are starch grains which are also stored food)
• Mitochondria – Where the cell respires, during glucose and oxygen into energy and water

However, plant cells contain three extra things:

• Rigid cell wall – this is made of cellulose and supports the cell, and stops it exploding when osmosis occurs
• Vacuole – Contains the cell sap (a weak solution of sugar and salts)
• Chloroplasts – Contain chlorophyll, which is used in photosynthesis. (EQ = CO₂ + H₂O O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆)
• Chloroplasts and starch grains are examples of plastids, small bodies within the cell which hold a chemical

1. Epidermis (in plants) and epithelium (they both look very similar). The epidermis covers the plant, while epithelium in animals lines tubes and forms the skin
2. Muscle tissue. Lots of strands packed tightly together (bad drawing) all going in one direction.
3. Nerve tissue. A network of nerve cells connected together.

Contents 1 In animals 2 In plants (flowering plants) 3 Also See 4 Comments

In animals

Name of tissue	What it is	Function
Epithelia tissue	A flat sheet of cells	Lines tubes and spaces in the body, and forms the skin
Connective tissue	Tough and flexible fibres	To hole and connect the body tissue
Skeletal tissue	Hard material	To provide structural support for the body and allow it to move
Blood tissue	Runny material made up of millions of blood cells	To transport oxygen and food around the body
Nerve tissue	Network of threadlike cells with long extensions	To conduct and co-ordinate messages
Muscle tissue	Bundles of long cells	To allow movement (works with the skeletal tissue to allow movement)

In plants (flowering plants)

Name of tissue	What it is	Function
Epidermal tissue	Sheets of cells	To line and protect the outside of the plant
Photosynthetic tissue	Cells with chloroplasts in them	To provide glucose (food) for the plant via photosynthesis
Packing tissue	Large balloon like cells	To fill the spaces inside the plant (but often leave space for gas diffusion)
Vascular (conducting) tissue	Long tubes	Transporting food and water around the plant
Strengthening tissue	Bundles of tough fibres	To strengthen the plant and provide support

The body is able to work by the division of labour between cells, and this can only occur in multi cellular organisms.

All living things are made up of cells. However, most cells are specified to do a particular job. Some important examples of specialized cells are as follows.

Palisade cells are specified to absorb the maximum amount lf light for photosynthesis. They are packed with chloroplasts, are long and tall to maximize surface area for carbon dioxide absorption. It also means there is a bigger chance of light hitting it.

Cells that line the oviducts have hairs which “waft” the egg along both backwards and forwards.

Guard cells (which are on the bottom of cells and “guard” the stoma (plural stomata)) can open and close to let air in (which carries carbon dioxide in for photosynthesis).When the cells are turgid they are open, when they are flaccid they are closed (Turgid = full of water, flaccid = dryish). They also have thin outer walls and thick inner walls.

Red blood cells have a large surface area (donut shape) for maximum oxygen absorption by the haemoglobin. They are smooth so they can easily go through the capillaries and have no nucleus for maximum space for haemoglobin,

Sperm cells have a long tail for mobility and a short lifespan so only the fittest sperm get to the egg (natural selection)

Egg cells have a huge food reserve and when the sperm fuses with the egg the egg membrane changes instantly to become impenetrable to other sperm.

Also See

Here are the other comprehensive GCSE Biology notes by Prometheus:

• Cells
• Breathing
• The Nervous System and the Eye
• The Digestive System
• The Skin
• The Kidneys
• The Circulatory System and Blood
• Diffusion
• Evolution and Selective Breeding
• Genetics - Variation, Mitosis and Meiosis
• Hereditary Traits, Sex Determination and Mutations
• Hormones
• Disease and Drugs
• Plant Biology
• Population Size
• The Greenhouse Effect and Pollution Problems
• The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles

Comments

• Suitable for: GCSE Biology.
• Written by: Prometheus along with all the other notes linked to above.
• From this thread