TSR Wiki > Study Help > Subjects and Revision > Revision Notes > Psychology > Humanism
- Humanists believe that people (have/do not have) capacity for human growth.
- They believe that people (do/do not) have the freedom to choose their destiny.
- They stress positive qualities in humans.
- They believe that people have the ability to improve their lives.
- Our personal perception of ourselves is (more/less) important than the environment.
- We have the potential for self-understanding.
- We should support others so they can have a positive self image and self-understanding.
- Carl Rogers stressed warm and therapeutic environments.
- Abraham Maslow thinks that our potential is virtually limitless.
- People stay together because of their positive perception of each other.
- Rogers says that due to conditional positive regard, humans do not believe positive things about themselves and have low self-esteem.
- Rogers does not believe in all aspects of the self are conscious but he did believe that the self was accessible in the consciousness.
- Self-Concept is how we perceive our abilities, behavior and personality.
- The real self is how we truly are and the ideal self is how we want ourselves to be.
- Unconditional positive regard, genuiness and empathy help improve our relationship with others.
- A fully functioning person is: (open/not open) to experience, (very/not very) defensive, (aware/not aware) to the external world, has a (harmonious/ non-harmonious) relationship with others.
- Self-Actualization is the motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being.
- The methodology they believe in the most is clinical interpretation. They scorn controlled experiments.
- One criticism of humanism is that self-actualization is difficult to test. Also many believe they have too (much/little) optimism of human nature. Some say humanism encourages narcissism.
- Person-Centered therapy was developed by Carl Rogers. This therapy provides a warm and supportive atmosphere to improve the client’s self esteem. The therapist has an extremely personal relationship with the client. The therapy is non-directive and encouraging. This requires genuineness of the therapist and active empathy and listening.
- Gestalt therapy was developed by Fredrick Perls. In this therapy, the therapist confronts clients in order to help them become (more/less) aware of their feelings and to face their problems. This therapy pushes clients to overcome the past. Clients are confronted with their feelings. The therapist sets an example and encourages verbal and non-verbal congruence. Role-playing is used to aid the patient in making their feelings more controlled.
- Rosenthall and Jakobsin in 1966 did a study on teachers’ attention and expectations in regards to their students abilities. This was a test in self-fulfilling prophecies. The amount of attention given by teachers (will/will not) determine how well the students do. Unconditional Positive regard would be necessary in order for the students to move up the pyramid. This (gave/did not give) validity to the assumption that in order to move up on the hierarchy people need to feel self-esteem.
- Ravizza in 1977 did a study on athletes. He interviewed athletes to see if there was validity to the concept of peak experiences. The interviews (did/did not) validate the concept of peak experiences. Later studies showed that athletes were more likely to have peak experiences.
- Wicker et.al. in 1993 questioned Maslow's hierarchy of needs. They researched past studies in order to show that the whole concept revolvers around the lower needs being (not as/more) important than the higher needs. They believed there (was/was not) a problem with this concept.
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