Revision:Prussia and Germany key dates

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• 1809-Austria lose to Napoleon again and lose, conclude reform is bad.
• 1813- Prussia fight against Napoleon again and are vicotious - persevere with reform.
• 1815-Vienna settlement, Prussia gains Ruhr, North Saxony, Aachen-Cologne-Krefield triangle.

German confederation set up under the leadership of Austria.

• 1818-Prussia removes customs barriers (domestic tariff system)
• 1834- Zollverein lauched including 18 states.
• 1836- Zollverein extended to 25 states.
• 1846-7- Disastrous corn harvests and Potato blight in Germany
• Oct 1847-Baden makes demands for a ‘German people’s parliament
• 1848- A series of revolutions took place throughout Europe, in the case of Germany the result was a failure of democracy to operate effectively and efficiently.
• May 1948-First meeting of the Frankfurt assembly.
• 1849-Bismarck sent as Prussian ambassador to German confederation in Frankfurt.
• 1849-New liberal parliament established in Prussia in the aftermath of the 1848 revolutions.
• 1862- Bismarck appointed Chancellor to push army reforms through parliament.(Monarch William I)
• 1863-The Polish revolt - Prussia ensures Russian neutrality by supporting them over this issue amidst widespread support for the Poles by the other major powers.
• 1864- War with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein joint with Austria
• 1865 Creation of North German confederation whilst Austria was preoccupied by Piedmont-Hungary.<
• 1866-Austro-Prussian war
• 1870-1 Franco-Prussian war.
• Jan 18^th 1871- Germany united under Prussian leadership in Versailles palace.

Russia

• 1801-Tsar Paul assasinated
• 1801-1825-Alexander I Tsar.
• 1801- Alexander repeals most of the harsh repression under Tsar Paul. Partially due to pressure from Count Pahlen.
• 5^th June 1801- Law commission set up in order to establish a new legal code.
• 1801- Permanent council established in order to council Tsar in matter of state.
• 1803- Allows voluntary emancipation of the serfs by masters.
• 1807-Unofficial committee voluntarily disbanded.
• 1809- Speransky’s reforms were presented to Alexander. Alexander accepts them in principle but never puts them into practise, he was not willing to give up supreme autocratic power.
• 1809-Invasion of Napoleon.
• 1810- Council of State introduced part of Speransky’s reform program.<
• Nov 1810- 1^st Military colony under Count Arakcheyev.
• March 1812- Speransky dismissed.
• 1815- The Vienna settlement. Alexander expected to be liberal as he had been in Europe.
• 1815 onwards- Steadily moved away from liberal ideas towards brutal repression.
• 16^th September 1815: Alexander introduces the ‘Holy Alliance’
• 1817- Alexander becomes obsessed with the idea that the only true education was based in religion. Under Prince A N Golitsyn, a ‘purging’ of the universities took place.
• 1819- Novosiltov’s plan for constitution- went further than Speransky, again approved in principle but not put into practise.
• 1825-55- Nicholas I Tsar.
• Dec 1825- Gap of a few weeks between Tsars as Nicholas and Constantine proclaim the other Tsar - results in ‘Decemberist revolt’-swiftly put down by Nicholas.
• 1833- Count Uvarov came up with the formula - ‘Orthodoxy’ the orthadox church, ‘Autocracy’ the tsarist system of govt. and ‘Nationality’ sought to defend unique Russian culture against western encroachment.
• 1826-1836- Nicholas establishes his 5 sections
  • 1^st-Reorganisation of administration of the Tsar
  • 2^nd-Codification of Laws-Speransky-40 volumes
  • 3^rd-Originally to route out corruption in public office. Eventually became repressive secret police force.
  • 4^th-Education and Charities
  • 5^th-State peasants.
• 1854-56- Crimean war. France and Britain supporting Catholics and Turkey respectively and Russia supporting Orthodox preists.
• 1855-81-Alexander II Tsar.
• 1856-86 Number of schools increased from 8000 to 23000
• 1861- Alexander II emancipates the serfs.
• 1863- Education reformed.
• 1864 Justice system and Local government included introduction of local government in the form of the zemstvas.
• 1870 Dumas introduced.
• 1871 Preliminary censorship restored and third section strengthened - Shuvalov<
• 1874 Army reformed
• 1860-1880 Railways increased *14, Coal produced *16, Steel production *10
• 1881-94 Alexander III Tsar
• 1891 Tariffs on imported goods imposed. These huge tariffs raised the cost of living to artificially high levels.
• 1894-1917 Nicholas II Tsar
• 1903 Witte dismissed.
  • Port Arthur in Manchuria taken by the Japanese
• 1904 Russians began strike on the port.
• Jan 2^nd 1905 Port falls to the Japanese.
• Jan 22^nd 1905 ‘Bloody Sunday’ - peaceful peasant demonstration of strikers led by Father Gapon’s Supporters fired upon by troops.
• Jan 23^rd 1905 Strikes break out and martial law declared.
• Jan 29^th 1905 Calm restored.
• Oct 1905 The October Manifesto promised
  • a council of ministers
  • a full range of civil liberities
  • extension of the franchise
  • a Duma to approve legislation.
• 24^th Nov New press law abolished preliminary censorship
• 11^th Dec New electoral law said who could vote. This was biased towards the ‘haves’ of society
• April 1906 Fundamental law states Supreme autocratic power belongs to the emperor of all Russia.”
• April 27^th 1906 1^st Duma meets.

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