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Quadratic functions are polynomials of the 2nd degree. Polynomials being the term to describe the sum of different powers and constants multiplied by a coefficient.

Contents

Quadratic Functions

The general equation for a quadratic is  y = ax^2 + bx + c and  a \ne 0 .

Quadratic equations have two solutions. To Solve quadratic equations you to first put it in the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0

There are three ways to solve quadratics you need to be familiar with.

  • Factorising
  • Completing the Square
  • Quadratic Equation

Factorising

In the form ax+bx+c=0 when a = 1 this consists of finding a pair of numbers which multiply together to make the c term and add together to make the b term. For example:

x^2+6x+8=0
2 and 4 multiply to make 8 and add to make 6. (x+2)(x+4)=0

To solve one of the brackets much each 0, meaning x + 2 = 0
x = -2
x + 4 = 0
x = -4
x = -2 or -4

Completing the Square

Start by putting the equation in the form ax^2+bx+c=0. To complete the square we must put the equation in the form a(x+p)^2+q=0.

Take the example 2x^2+12x+9=0
First, factorize out the a term (2) from the first two terms:  2[x^2+6x]+9=0

We then divide the b (6) by two, then put it in brackets with x, then square it. We must also make the constant within the outer brackets equal to 0, giving:

2[(x+3)^2-9]+9=0
We then expand and collect like terms, leaving: 2(x+3)^2-9=0 This is in the completed square form, but is not solved.

We bring the constant (-9) over to the other side, then divide by the a term (2), giving: (x+3)^2=\frac{9}{2}
We then square root each side: x+3=\pm\sqrt{\frac{9}{2}}

To finish off, we leave x on its own, giving:

Unparseable or potentially dangerous latex formula. Error 4: no dvi output from LaTeX. It is likely that your formula contains syntax errors or worse.
x=-3\pm\sqrt{\frac{9}{2}

Quadratic Formula

The quadratic formula is x = \dfrac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}. This is incidentally derived from the method of completing the square.

This formula can be used when the equation is equal to 0 and in the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0. To find the 2 values of x substitute the values a, b and c into the formula.


\begin{equation*}
a x^2+bx+c &= 0 \\
x^2 + \frac{b}{a}x + \frac{c}{a} &= 0 \\ 
\left (x+\frac{b}{2a} \right )^2 - \frac{b^2}{4a^2} + \frac{c}{a} &= 0 \\
\left (x+\frac{b}{2a} \right )^2 &= \frac{b^2}{4a^2} - \frac{c}{a} \\
\left (x+\frac{b}{2a} \right )^2 &= \frac{b^2-4ac}{4a^2} \\
x+\frac{b}{2a} &= \frac{\pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} \\
x &= \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}
\end{equation*}

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