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THE SUFYANIND CALIPHS MU'AWIYA AND HIS FAMILY 661 - 684
- Greatest achievement to ensure, despite protests policies caused opp. From people who resented government and his power, Muslim world untied enough to resist attacks to enemies.
- Used Syrian army, paid off, not for internal disputes but for instrument to attack Byzantines.
- Used system of trading agreements rather than absolutist model of Byzantine or Talib religious model.
- Tensions between Iraq and Syria and internally in Iraq.
- Mu'awaiya managed Iraq and east through use Thaqafi mafia
- Inner circle of advisors to help govern Syrius Syrian army kept busy by attacking the Byzantine Empire Rhodes taken in 672, Crete in 674 0 during last seven years of MuÂ’awiya reign, caliph's son Yazid led continuous attacks on Constantinople itself. 674-80 mostly raids and islands were sued for tribute rather than colonisation- Arabs of Jazira led similar expeditions into Armenia but no permanent settlement.
- Motives for war were to provide Syria with military experience and financial rewards rather than to cope with over-population 0 Mu'awiyta managed Syrians with consummate skill and loyalty was famous only after death did serious divisions begin to appear.
- Egypt as virtual annexe to Syria settlement limited to Alexandria and Fustat. Mu'awaiya caliphate decentralised politically and administratively continued tradition of previous rulers.
- Old systems no Islamic coinage still using old tax collection and coinage systems
- Two other sources of income frontier warfare kept loyalty of Syrians freedmen or slaves embark on government owned agricultural substantial boost to treasury.
- Yazid brief reign stabilize frontiers between Syria and Byzantium outpost sea of Marmara abandoned hwile in north of Syria itself carved up the over-large jund of Homs to make a new frontier province based on Qinnarsrin
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