STEP I 2002 question 7 solution - The Student Room
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STEP I 2002 question 7 solution

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 \displaystyle I + J = \int _{0} ^{a} \frac{ \cos{x} + \sin{x} }{ \sin{x} + \cos{x} } \,dx = \left[ x \right] _{0} ^{a} = a

 \displaystyle I - J \\ = \int  _{0} ^{a} \frac{ \cos{x} - \sin{x} }{ \sin{x} + \cos{x} } \,dx \\ = \left[ \ln{ | \sin{x} + \cos{x} | } \right] _{0} ^{a} \\ = \ln{ | \sin{a} + \cos{a} | } - \ln{1} = \ln{ | \sin{a} + \cos{a} | }

Consider that:

 0 \le a < \frac{3 \pi}{4}

Hence:

 0 \le \sin{a} < \frac{ \sqrt{2}}{2}

 - \frac{ \sqrt{2}}{2} < \cos{a} \le 1 .

Hence there is no value (within the given interval for "a") such that  \sin{a} + \cos{a} \le 0 , and therefore the afore-used modulus is redundant, hence:

 2I = a + \ln{ \left( \sin{a} + \cos{a} \right) } .


Let  \displaystyle I = \int _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2} } \frac{ \cos{x} }{ p \sin{x} + q \cos{x} } \,dx

Let  \displaystyle J = \int _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2} } \frac{ \sin{x} }{ p \sin{x} + q \cos{x} } \,dx

Hence:

 \displaystyle qI + pJ = \int _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2} } \frac{ p \sin{x} + q \cos{x} }{ p \sin{x} + q \cos{x} } \,dx = \frac{ \pi }{2} .

Also:

 \displaystyle pI - qJ = \int _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2} } \frac{ p \cos{x} - q \sin{x} }{ p \sin{x} + q \cos{x} } \,dx = \left[ \ln{ | p \sin{x} + q \cos{x} | } \right] _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2}} = \ln{ |p| } - \ln{ |q| } .

As "p", and "q" are positive numbers:

 pI - qJ = \ln{p} - \ln{q} = \ln{ \left( \frac{p}{q} \right) } .

Hence:

 2pI = \ln{ \left( \frac{p}{q} \right) } + \frac{ \pi }{2}

Hence:

 I = \frac{ \ln{ \left( \frac{p}{q} \right) } + \frac{ \pi }{2} }{2q} .


Let  \displaystyle I = \int _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2} } \frac{ \cos{x} + 4}{ 3 \sin{x} + 4 \cos{x} + 25 } \,dx

Let  \displaystyle J = \int _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2} } \frac{ \sin{x} + 3}{ 3 \sin{x} + 4 \cos{x} + 25 } \,dx

Hence:

 \displaystyle 4I + 3J = \int _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2} } \frac{ 3 \sin{x} + 4 \cos{x} + 25}{ 3 \sin{x} + 4 \cos{x} + 25 } \,dx = \frac{ \pi }{2}

 \displaystyle 3I - 4J = \int _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2} } \frac{ 3 \cos{x} - 4 \sin{x}}{ 3 \sin{x} + 4 \cos{x} + 25 } \,dx = \left[ \ln{ | 3 \sin{x} + 4 \cos{x} + 25 | } \right] _{0} ^{ \frac{ \pi }{2} } = \ln{28} - \ln{29} = \ln{ \left( \frac{28}{29} \right) } .

Hence:

 16I + 12J = 2 \pi

 9I - 12J = 3 \ln{ \left( \frac{28}{29} \right) }

Hence:

 25I = 2 \pi + 3 \ln{ \left( \frac{28}{29} \right) }

Hence:

 I = \frac{2}{25} \pi + \frac{3}{25} \ln{ \left( \frac{28}{29} \right) } .

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