Explain how the Cholera bacteria causes diarrhea in the patients - mention water potential etc.
Vibrio Cholera has a flagelum that pentrates its way through the epithelial cells of the small intestine causing the ion channels to open so the chloride ions in the epithelial cells flood in to the lumen of the small intestine, reducing the water potential in the lumen and increasing the water potential in the epithelail cell. water then goes from high to low water potential via osmosis.
Cholera causes the chloride ion channels to open in the eptihelial cells of the small intestines. The chloride ions then move out of the cells into the lumen, lowering the water potenial of the lumen. Water therefore follows out of the blood into the lume from a high water potential to low, by osmosis
Great answer but be careful, the water moves flows from the CELLS (higher water potential) into the lumen (lower water potential) on this water potential gradient by osmosis.
Cholera produces a toxin that binds to the channel proteins for Cl- ions. This causes them to open. The Cl ions will enter the small intestine lumen lowering the water potential. This causes water to enter through osmosis so the faeces become watery. Symptons include diarrhea and flatulance.
Can anybody tell me which processes use channel proteins and which use carrier proteins?
Carrier proteins for active transport and Channel proteins for faciliatated diffusion
Great answer but be careful, the water moves flows from the CELLS (higher water potential) into the lumen (lower water potential) on this water potential gradient by osmosis.
Actually water flows from the BLOOD to the lumen through the epithelium cell
I can't remember the questions and feeling tired so :/ must put JPOP louder to keep awake. 1. I think it is to establish whether or not the drug is attatching to the antigen. 2. The first antibody binds to the antigen if it is present. The second binds to the first antibody. Used to see if it binds. 3. The antibodies are still there. The solution is not I think. 4. The enzyme is a monoclonal antibody and is complimentry in shape to the antibody not antigen.
I get it now thank you I've struggled with that beastly question for two years :P
Vibrio Cholera has a flagelum that pentrates its way through the epithelial cells of the small intestine causing the ion channels to open so the chloride ions in the epithelial cells flood in to the lumen of the small intestine, reducing the water potential in the lumen and increasing the water potential in the epithelail cell. water then goes from high to low water potential via osmosis.
great, just with the last bit make sure you specify that the water moves from the epethilial cell into the lumen. just so you dont lose any marks
I get it now thank you I've struggled with that beastly question for two years :P
Retaking is for the third time? Third time lucky? :O Though need to be first time lucky for me Hardly any unis like retakes when applying for medicene.
Retaking is for the third time? Third time lucky? :O Though need to be first time lucky for me Hardly any unis like retakes when applying for medicene.
What did you get the other times ? Wow your applying for medicine ? Already applied or going to ?
Actually water flows from the BLOOD to the lumen through the epithelium cell
just checked my revision guide and it says 'loss of cl ions from the epethelial cells raises their water potential, while increase of chloride ions in the lumen of the intestine lowers its water potential. Water flows from the cells into the lumen. Loss of ions from the epethelial causes ions to move by diffusion into the epethelial cells from surrounding BLOOD. This causes water to move by osmosis from the blood into the intestine'
so what i meant is that water first moves from epethelial into the lumen, then from blood into the epethelial if that makes sense...
got 49/60 on the january 2010 paper which is 100 ums with the grade boundaries then. Funny how i got caught out on questions i advised people on this forum to watch out for :P
just checked my revision guide and it says 'loss of cl ions from the epethelial cells raises their water potential, while increase of chloride ions in the lumen of the intestine lowers its water potential. Water flows from the cells into the lumen. Loss of ions from the epethelial causes ions to move by diffusion into the epethelial cells from surrounding BLOOD. This causes water to move by osmosis from the blood into the intestine'
so what i meant is that water first moves from epethelial into the lumen, then from blood into the epethelial if that makes sense...
What did you get the other times ? Wow your applying for medicine ? Already applied or going to ?
No I'm taking my first sitting. Asked if she was lol Doubt I will get in anyway. Haven't applied. Shall get my as results. If good then do UKCAT. If not then do something else not sure on. If UKCAT and AS are good (doubt it) then I shall apply. Got a ton of work experience and learnt from it so better be worth it