Edexcel A2 Biology Unit 5 (6BIO5) - 22/06/2011- OFFICIAL THREAD !

I looked at the word cytokines, and I know I know what it does. I try to remember - blank.

Help? Why does it do?

It is a protein that stimulates B cells!

Basically, the non-specific response requires certain resources like neutrophils etc. There's only limited amounts so if there's an inflammatory response in muscles, it reduces the amount of white blood cells available to other areas (I think )

1) Think you should know this, it's only a tiny bit I wrote down
2) No i don't think so, I drew the diagram on page 242 which shows how a drug could effect neurotransmitters
3) It's similar - habituation (See diagram on 240) is when Ca2+ channels become less responsive so less ca2+ crosses presynaptic membrane. Accommodation is when the vesicles can't be remade fast enough to send an impulse.
4)Know the difference between the two
5) Asked my teacher about this today, she said it's good to know the definitions of them, but other than that no.

Hope this helped

O yes, activated T-helper cells bind to antigen-MHC complex on B-cells, release cytokines. Cytokines causes B-cells to divide, and then differentiate in plasma cells ...

I am doomed.

However, I don't think you need it for this exam, as there is very little on immunity and the immune system.

Outline the process by which ‘Atrogin1’ and ‘muRF1’ are expressed asubiquitin ligases. (Paragraph 7, page 7) 5 marks...

woooooooooot???????

Outline the process by which ‘Atrogin1’ and ‘muRF1’ are expressed asubiquitin ligases. (Paragraph 7, page 7) 5 marks...

woooooooooot???????

Do we need to know anterior and posterior cruciate ligament ?

Can anyone outline the spirometer practical for me please..?

Not that I'm aware.

All we need to know is that ligaments attach bones to bones while still allowing smooth movement of the joints.

Oh, and you should know the structure of synovial joints, in particular the knee.

I thought that we did because the spec uses the cruciate ligament as an example?

Not that I'm aware.

All we need to know is that ligaments attach bones to bones while still allowing smooth movement of the joints.

Oh, and you should know the structure of synovial joints, in particular the knee.

"Gym in a bottle discusses the solutions of three different research groups to solve the problem of muscular atrophy........

I don't know if someone already has but anyway:
1) spirometer has an oxygen-filled chamber with a moveable lid
2) a person breathes through a tube which causes the lid to raise up and down
3) when the person breathes in the lid goes down and when they breathe out the lid goes up which causes the pen on the rotating drum to produce a spirometer trade (kymograph)
4) soda lime in the tube the person breathes into absorbs carbon dioxide s

The spirometer can be used to measure breathing rate and volume
we learnt the wet spirometer where oxygen is breathed in and out on an air tank floating on water

the chart recorder (kymograph) rotates at a set speed. The pen on the spirometer leaves a trace which can be used to take measurement of breathing.
air tank is filled with medical grade oxygen
water tank allows movement of the air tank link, while sealing in the enclosed air
the breathing tubes are so the person using the spirometer can breath in and out via the mouth piece and the returning air goes through the canister
The spirometer is calibrated before use by adding a known volume of oxygen to the air take using the scale on the air tank lid. A mark is made on the chart recorder paper before and after adding the oxygen.

and what about arthritis? is it just the inflammation at articular cartillage or do we need to know it in more detail?