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1987 Specimen STEP solutions thread

Found this paper the other day and realised there wasn't a solutions thread up and running so I figured it should be done. Unfortunately, I've only been able to locate the STEP III paper so if anyone could locate the others it would be awesome.
EDIT: Got them. Courtesy of Professor Siklos himself!

STEP I
1.
2.Solution by ben-smith
3.Solution by ben-smith
4.Solution by ben-smith
5.
6.Solution by ben-smith
7.Solution by Farhan.Hanif93
8.
9.
10.
11.Solution by Farhan.Hanif93
12.Solution by Farhan.Hanif93
13.Solution by Farhan.Hanif93
14.
15.
16.
STEP II
-
STEP III
1.Solution by ben-smith.
2.Solution by DFranklin
3.Solution by ben-smith
4.Solution by ben-smith
5.
6.Solution by Farhan.Hanif93
7.Solution by Farhan.Hanif93
8.Solution by DFranklin
9.Solution by Farhan.Hanif93
10.Solution by Kennethx
11.solution by ben-smith
12.Solution by ben-smith
13.Solution by ben-smith
14.Solution by ben-smith
15.Solution by DFranklin
16.Solution by Dfranklin
(edited 12 years ago)

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Reply 1
STEP III Q1
a)let InI_n denote the product up to n.
I2=34,I3=23,I4=58,I5=35,I6=712,...I_2=\frac{3}{4},I_3=\frac{2}{3},I_4=\frac{5}{8}, I_5=\frac{3}{5}, I_6=\frac{7}{12},...
By inspection, these numbers seem to be of the form In=n+12nI_n=\frac{n+1}{2n} so let's guess that.
We have already proved this to be the case for n=2 so let us presume, for the purpose of induction, that Ik=k+12kI_k=\frac{k+1}{2k}. Now let n=k+1:
Ik+1=Ik(11(k+1)2)=k+12(k)(k+1)21(k+1)2=k+22(k+1)I_{k+1}=I_k*(1-\frac{1}{(k+1)^2})=\frac{k+1}{2(k)}*\frac{(k+1)^2-1}{(k+1)^2}=\frac{k+2}{2(k+1)} So our guess is thus true by mathematical induction.
b) Consider the binomial expansion of (1+x)n(1+x)^n:
(1+x)n=r=0n(nr)xr(1+x)^n=\displaystyle\sum_{r=0}^n \displaystyle \binom{n}{r}x^r. Letting x=-1 gives us:
r=0n(nr)(1)r=0[br]r=0k(1)r(nr)=r=k+1n(1)r(nr)[br]=r=k+1n(1)r1(nr)[br]=r=k+1n(1)r1(n1r1)+r=k+1n(1)r1(n1r)\displaystyle\sum_{r=0}^n \displaystyle \binom{n}{r}(-1)^r=0[br]\Rightarrow \displaystyle\sum_{r=0}^k (-1)^r\displaystyle \binom{n}{r}=-\displaystyle\sum_{r=k+1}^n(-1)^r \displaystyle \binom{n}{r}[br]=\displaystyle\sum_{r=k+1}^n(-1)^{r-1} \displaystyle \binom{n}{r}[br]=\displaystyle\sum_{r=k+1}^n(-1)^{r-1} \displaystyle \binom{n-1}{r-1}+\displaystyle\sum_{r=k+1}^n(-1)^{r-1} \displaystyle \binom{n-1}{r}
Notice that the i+1 th element in the first summation cancels with the ith element in the second summation leaving the first element in the first summation so:
r=0k(1)r(nr)=(1)k(n1k)\displaystyle\sum_{r=0}^k (-1)^r\displaystyle \binom{n}{r}=(-1)^k \displaystyle \binom{n-1}{k}
As required.
(edited 12 years ago)
Reply 2
At a brief glance, the specimen questions are quite a lot easier than the actual exam questions were that year... {Tut tut}.
Reply 3
Original post by DFranklin
At a brief glance, the specimen questions are quite a lot easier than the actual exam questions were that year... {Tut tut}.


Aren't all STEP questions relatively easy for you though?
Shall I continue uploading solutions?
Reply 4
Original post by ben-smith
Aren't all STEP questions relatively easy for you though?
Not at all.

Shall I continue uploading solutions?
Sure. (My tut-tut was at the examiners. I can well imagine what it would be like to prepare based on this paper and then find you can only do a third as many questions as you expect in the actual exam :angry: ).
Reply 5
Question 10 was quite easy, managing attachments is alas a bit more troublesome. Enjoy reading down to up instead of left to right.
(edited 12 years ago)
Original post by ben-smith

Oh why not.

STEP III Q6

Solution

Reply 7
Dibs on question no. 4 btw.
Reply 8
STEP III, Q15: It's easy to convince yourself that the villages all remain connected if less than 3 roads are down (draw diagrams if you wish to illustrate the possible cases).
If 3 roads are down and they all go to the same village, that village is cut off. Otherwise, the villages remain connected. Again, draw diagrams if you wish.
If 4 roads are down, then it's clearly impossible for 2 roads to connect all 4 villages. (The roads must connect at a village, and that only leaves 2 ends to connect 3 villages).
Even more obvious for 5 and 6 roads.

P(more than 3 roads down) = 15p4(1p)2+6p5(1p)+p615 p^4(1-p)^2 + 6p^5(1-p) + p^6 (binomial)
P(A cut off by having exactly 3 roads down) = p3(1p)3p^3 (1-p)^3. So P(any village cut off by exactly 3 roads down) = 4p3(1p)34p^3(1-p)^3

So P(villages are cut off) = p3[4(1p)3+15p(1p)2+6p5(1p)+p6]p^3[4(1-p)^3 + 15p(1-p)^2+6p^5(1-p)+p^6]
So P(villages are connected) = 1p3[4(1p)3+15p(1p)2+6p5(1p)+p6]1 - p^3[4(1-p)^3 + 15p(1-p)^2+6p^5(1-p)+p^6]

When p = 1/2, this equals 644156164=3864=1932\dfrac{64 - 4 - 15 - 6 - 1}{64} = \dfrac{38}{64} = \dfrac{19}{32}

Wow - only 2 probablity questions out of 16. Hard times for probability specialists...
Reply 9
STEP III Q3
Consider the complex numbers 0,z1,z20, z_1, -z_2 which forms a triangle of side z1,z2,z1+z2=z1,z2,z1+z2|z_1|,|-z_2|,|z_1+z_2|= |z_1|,|z_2|,|z_1+z_2| . By the triangle inequality, z1+z2z1+z2|z_1|+|z_2|\geq|z_1+z_2| so the given inequality is just a restatement of the triangle inequality.
Σaizi=1\Sigma a_i z^i=1. Taking the modulus of both sides we get:
Σaizi=1Σaizi=Σaizi|\Sigma a_iz^i|=1 \leq \Sigma|a_iz^i|=\Sigma |a_i||z|^i.
We can maximise the RHS summation by letting ai=2|a_i|=2 so:
Σ2zi=2z(1zn)1z12z(1zn)1z\Sigma2|z|^i=2\frac{|z|(1-|z|^n)}{1-|z|}\Rightarrow \frac{1}{2}\leq \frac{|z|(1-|z|^n)}{1-|z|} which must hold if there are to be solutions.
notice that this does not hold for |z|=1/3 and therefore does not hold for values less than a third (this is obvious as the sum is just a power series with positive coefficients and so must have a +ve derivative). Furthermore since we chose |a| such that the sum was maximised, the result must hold for smaller values of it. Therefore there must be no solutions for |z| less than or equal to a third.
(edited 12 years ago)
Original post by DFranklin
STEP III, Q15: It's easy to convince yourself that the villages all remain connected if less than 3 roads are down (draw diagrams if you wish to illustrate the possible cases).
If 3 roads are down and they all go to the same village, that village is cut off. Otherwise, the villages remain connected. Again, draw diagrams if you wish.
If 4 roads are down, then it's clearly impossible for 2 roads to connect all 4 villages. (The roads must connect at a village, and that only leaves 2 ends to connect 3 villages).
Even more obvious for 5 and 6 roads.

P(more than 3 roads down) = 15p4(1p)2+6p5(1p)+p615 p^4(1-p)^2 + 6p^5(1-p) + p^6 (binomial)
P(A cut off by having exactly 3 roads down) = p3(1p)3p^3 (1-p)^3. So P(any village cut off by exactly 3 roads down) = 4p3(1p)34p^3(1-p)^3

So P(villages are cut off) = p3[4(1p)3+15p(1p)2+6p5(1p)+p6]p^3[4(1-p)^3 + 15p(1-p)^2+6p^5(1-p)+p^6]
So P(villages are connected) = 1p3[4(1p)3+15p(1p)2+6p5(1p)+p6]1 - p^3[4(1-p)^3 + 15p(1-p)^2+6p^5(1-p)+p^6]

When p = 1/2, this equals 644156164=3864=1932\dfrac{64 - 4 - 15 - 6 - 1}{64} = \dfrac{38}{64} = \dfrac{19}{32}

Wow - only 2 probablity questions out of 16. Hard times for probability specialists...


Yeah, the same thing happened in 88 except that year imo the two questions were very hard.
STEP III, Q16:

(i) If XiX_i is the number of extra children needed for the ith male child (that is, the number of children since the i-1th male child), then C = X_1 + ... + X_r, and so E[C] = E[X_1]+...+E[X_r]. The X_i are iid geometric distributions with p = 1/2, so E[X_i] = 2 and C = 2r.

(ii) Suppose the king ignores the rules and just has 2r-1 children. If he has r or more boys, clearly C < 2r, and conversely, if he has < r boys, C>=2r.
So P(C < 2r) = P(there are at least r boys from 2r-1 children). Since boys and girls are equally likely, P(there are at least r girls from 2r-1 children) = P(there are at least r boys from 2r-1 children).
But these two events are mutually exclusive, and 1 of them must occur. So P(there are at least r girls from 2r-1 children) = 1 - P(there are at least r boys from 2r-1 children).
So P(there are at least r boys from 2r-1 children) = 1 - P(there are at least r boys from 2r-1 children), and so P(there are at least r boys from 2r-1 children) = 1/2. That is, P(C < 2r) = 1/2.
STEP III, Q8.

(i) I'm going to be lazy and use capitals to denote vectors. Let the vertices of the tetrahedron be A, B, C, D. Sum of squares of edges = |A-B|^2+|A-C|^2+|A-D|^2+|B-C|^2+|B-D|^2+|C-D|^2.
Sum of squares of midpoints = [(A+B-C-D)^2 + (A+C-B-D)^2 + (A+D-B-C)^2] / 4.
So 4 x Sum of squares of midpoints = (A+B-C-D)^2 + (A+C-B-D)^2 + (A+D-B-C)^2 = ((A-D)+(B-C))^2 + ((A-B)+(C-D))^2 +((A-C)+(D-B))^2
= (A-D)^2+(B-C)^2 + 2(A-D).(B-C)+(A-B)^2+(C-D)^2+2(A-B).(C-D)+(A-C)^2+(D-B)^2 + (A-C).(D-B).
So, sufficient to show (A-D).(B-C) + (A-B).(C-D) + (A-C).(D-B) = 0. Some tedious expansion gives us A.B-A.C+C.D-B.D+A.C-A.D+B.D-B.C+A.D-A.B+B.C-C.D and everything cancels.

(ii) Take a = 3I + 2J + 6K, b = xI + yJ + K.
Then we have (3x+2y+6)32+42+62x2+y2+1=7x2+y2+1 (3x+2y+6) \leq \sqrt{3^2+4^2+6^2} \sqrt{x^2+y^2+1} = 7\sqrt{x^2+y^2+1}.
a.b = cos t |a| |b, where cos t is the angle between the vectors.

So a.b = |a| |b if and only if cos t = 1.
So we require 3I+2J+6K and xI+yJ+1 to be in the same direction. So x = 3/6, y=2/6, or x = 1/2, y=1/3.
(edited 12 years ago)
STEP III Q7

Solution



They call that a STEP question...
(edited 11 years ago)
STEP III Q14
v is the velocity of the particle after the collision.
Conservation of KE: 12mu2=12Iω2+12mv2\frac{1}{2}mu^2=\frac{1}{2}I \omega^2+\frac{1}{2}mv^2
I is the moment of inertia of the rod.
Conservation of angular momentum:
ma2ua=mav+Iω[br][br]I=1/3m4a2v=u43aω[br][br]0.5mu2=0.5(13m4a2)ω2+0.5m(u43aω)228a29ω28ua3ω=0[br]28a29ω=8u3aω=6u7ma^2\frac{u}{a}=mav+I \omega[br][br]I= 1/3 m4a^2 \Rightarrow v=u-\frac{4}{3}a\omega[br][br]\Rightarrow 0.5mu^2=0.5(\frac{1}{3}m4a^2)\omega^2+0.5m(u-\frac{4}{3}a\omega)^2 \Rightarrow \frac{28a^2}{9}\omega^2-\frac{8ua}{3}\omega=0[br]\Rightarrow \frac{28a^2}{9}\omega=\frac{8u}{3}\Rightarrow a\omega=\frac{6u}{7}
As required.
The rod forms a circle when it rotates. The particle and the rod can only collide when the particle is within it. By pythagoras, the particle will travel 3\sqrt{3} before leaving the circle and so the time it takes is:
T1=3av=3a(4aω/3)(7aω/6)=63ωT_1=\frac{\sqrt{3}a}{-v}=\frac{\sqrt{3}a}{(4a\omega /3)-(7a\omega /6)}= \frac{6\sqrt3}{\omega}
The time for the rod rotate through 5π3\frac{5\pi}{3} radians such that the tip touches the point where the particle leaves the circle is 5π3/ω \frac{5\pi}{3}/ \omega
Note that 5π3<6sqrt3 \frac{5\pi}{3}<6sqrt3 which can easily be seen if we overestimate pi to 3.2 and underestimate root 3 to 1.5 where the inequality holds. If it holds for those values then it certainly must hold for their actual values. Therefore the tip of the rod reaches the leaving point before the particle so they must collide again.
(edited 12 years ago)
STEP III Q11
dxdt=k/αz,dzdt=kz=kt+h[br]dxdt=kα(kt+h)[br]x=k/α(1kln(kt+h)+C).[br]t=0,x=0C=lnhk[br]αx=ln(kth+1)t=hk(eαx1) \frac{dx}{dt}=k/\alpha z ,\frac{dz}{dt}=k \Rightarrow z=kt+h[br]\Rightarrow \frac{dx}{dt}=\frac{k}{\alpha(kt+h)} [br]\Rightarrow x=k/ \alpha(\frac{1}{k}ln(kt+h)+C). [br]t=0, x=0 \Rightarrow C=-\frac{lnh}{k}[br]\therefore \alpha x=ln(\frac{kt}{h}+1) \Rightarrow t=\frac{h}{k}(e^{\alpha x}-1)
as required.
For the second plough:
z=k(time it takes for 2nd plough to go y metres-time taken for first plough to reach y)
=k(t(eαy1)hkk(t-(e^{\alpha y}-1)\frac{h}{k}
And since
dydt=k/αz1/αdtdz=z/k=t(eαy1)hk\frac{dy}{dt}=k/\alpha z \Rightarrow 1/ \alpha \frac{dt}{dz}=z/k= t-(e^{\alpha y}-1)\frac{h}{k}
As required.
Differentiating this with respect to time we get:
Unparseable latex formula:

1/ \alpha \frac{dt}{dz}[br]=1/ \alpha (\frac{h\alpha}{k}e^{\alpha y}+\alphae^{\alpha y}(T-\frac{\alpha hy}{k})-\frac{h\alpha}{k}e^{\alpha y})=e^{\alpha y}(T-\frac{\alpha hy}{k})=(e^{\alpha y}-1)\frac{h}{k}+e^{\alpha y}(T-\frac{\alpha hy}{k})-e^{\alpha y}(T-\frac{\alpha hy}{k})=t-(e^{\alpha y}-1)\frac{h}{k}


Which means it is a solution as it satisfies the equation.
They will collide when their times are equal and x=y. Notice how the time for second plough is the same as the one for the 1st +eαy(Tαhyk)+e^{\alpha y}(T-\frac{\alpha hy}{k})
This should disappear when they collide so:
Tαhxk=0x=TkαhT-\frac{\alpha hx}{k}=0 \Rightarrow x=\frac{Tk}{\alpha h}
As required.
STEP III Q4
The parametric form of a parabola is (at2,2at)(at^2,2at).
y2=2axdydx=a/x=1/t[br]1/t=y2atxat2yt=x+at2y^2=2ax \Rightarrow \frac{dy}{dx}=\sqrt{a/x}=1/t[br]\therefore 1/t=\frac{y-2at}{x-at^2} \Rightarrow yt=x+at^2
So the given line touches the paabola, as required, at the point (at2,2at)(at^2,2at).
Lets assume the tangents intersect at the point (x_1,y_1) which would mean:
ty1=x1+at2t=y1±y124ax12aty_1=x_1+at^2 \Rightarrow t=\frac{y_1\pm \sqrt{y_1^2-4ax_1}}{2a}
So the equation of the tangent that goes through (x_1,y_1) is:
y=2axy1±y124ax1+ay1±y124ax12ay=\frac{2ax}{y_1\pm \sqrt{y_1^2-4ax_1}}+a\frac{y_1\pm \sqrt{y_1^2-4ax_1}}{2a}

Substituing in x=-a and subtracting the y values we get:
l=2a2(2y124ax1y12y12+4ax1)+a(2y124ax12a)[br][br]=(4a2y124ax1)/4ax1y124ax1[br][br]=(y124ax1(a+x1))/x1l2x2=(y24ax)(a+x)2l= -2a^2(\frac{2 \sqrt{y_1^2-4ax_1}}{y_1^2-y_1^2+4ax_1})+a(\frac{-2 \sqrt{y_1^2-4ax_1}}{2a})[br][br]=(-4a^2 \sqrt{y_1^2-4ax_1})/{4ax_1}-\sqrt{y_1^2-4ax_1}[br][br]=(-\sqrt{y_1^2-4ax_1}(a+x_1))/{x_1} \Rightarrow l^2x^2=(y^2-4ax)(a+x)^2
As required.
Note: at the end I removed the suffixes, they were only there in the first place for notational purposes. They are just generalised coordinates.
(edited 12 years ago)
STEP III, Q2. This is completely standard once you've done an analysis course...

(1+x)^n = 1 + nx + n(n-1)/2 x^2 + ... + x^n. All terms are +ve, so discarding all but the first two terms on the RHS we have (1+x)^n >= 1+nx > nx. Now suppose y > 1, write y = 1 + x, where x > 0. y^n > nx and so if n > K/x, y^n > K. So we can take N = K/x = K/(y-1).

Similarly, for n >=2, by discarding all but the n(n-1)/2 term we have (1+x)^n >= n(n-1)/2 x^2. If y > 1, again write y = 1+x, then y^n > n(n-1)/2 x^2 and so y^n / n > (n-1)/2 x^2. If n > (2K/x^2) + 1, then (n-1)/2 > K / x^2 and so (n-1)/2 x^2 > K. So we can take N = (2K/(y-1)^2) + 1.
Q12
A, B and C form a triangle. Let the angle at A be theta and the angle a C be phi. Let us further denote D to be the point on CB that also lies on the line perpendicular to CB and goes through A and T is the tension in the string.
The rod is in equilibrium so the forces vertically and the moments about A are balanced:
Unparseable latex formula:

Mg=Tcos\phi[br]T(AD)=(L/2)sin\thetaMg


To find AD, notice that the are of triangle is 1/2(αL(AD))1/2(\alpha L (AD)) and also 12L2αsin(π(θ+ϕ)) \frac{1}{2}L^2\alpha sin(\pi-(\theta+\phi)).
Equating the two, we get:
AD=Lsin(θ+ϕ)AD=Lsin(\theta+\phi)
Substituting in from our first equations:
Unparseable latex formula:

TLsin(\theta+\phi)=(L/2)sin\thetaMg \Rightarrow sin(\theta+\phi)=\frac{sin\thetacos\phi}{2}[br]\Rightarrow sin\theta cos\phi+cos\theta sin\phi=\frac{sin\theta cos\phi}{2}[br]\Rightarrow cos\theta sin\phi=-\frac{sin\theta cos\phi}{2}


By the sine rule:
sinϕL=sinθαLsinϕ=sinθα\frac{sin\phi}{L}=\frac{sin\theta}{\alpha L}\Rightarrow sin\phi=\frac{sin\theta}{\alpha}
So:
sinθcosθα=sinθα2sin2θ2α2cosθ=α2sin2θ[br]4cos2θ=α2sin2θcos2θ=α213\frac{sin\theta cos\theta }{\alpha}=-\frac{sin\theta \sqrt{\alpha^2-sin^2\theta}}{2\alpha} \Rightarrow 2cos\theta=-\sqrt{\alpha^2-sin^2\theta}[br]\Rightarrow 4cos^2\theta=\alpha^2-sin^2\theta \Rightarrow cos^2\theta=\frac{\alpha^2-1}{3}
The function cos2θ cos^2\theta is greater that or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1 but, in this case, we don't want the equality case as that would mean A, B and C would be collinear so:
1<α<21<\alpha<2
To find the tension:
T=Mgcosϕ[br]sinϕ=sinθαcosϕ=1/α(α24α23)=2α(α213)1/2 T=\frac{Mg}{cos\phi}[br]sin\phi=\frac{sin\theta}{\alpha} \Rightarrow cos\phi = 1/ \alpha(\sqrt{\alpha^2-\frac{4-\alpha^2}{3}})=\frac{2}{\alpha}(\frac{\alpha^2-1}{3})^{1/2}
So:
T=Mgcosϕ)=Mgα2(3α21)1/2T=\frac{Mg}{cos\phi)}=\frac{Mg \alpha}{2} (\frac{3}{\alpha^2-1})^{1/2}
As required.
STEP III Q13
By conservation of energy:
ΔP.E.=ΔK.E.mga(1cos2θ)=12mv2[br]v=2ga(1cos2θ)=2(ga)1/2sinθ\Delta P.E.= \Delta K.E. \Rightarrow mga(1-cos2\theta)=\frac{1}{2}mv^2[br]\Rightarrow v=\sqrt{2ga(1-cos2\theta)}=2(ga)^{1/2}sin\theta
As required
When the ring has rotated 2theta radians, the particle has moved asin2θasin2\theta horizontally relative to the ring but the ring itself has moved 2aθhorizontally 2a\theta horizontally so:
x=2aθ+asin2θx=2a\theta+asin2\theta and similarly for y
y=a+acos2θy=a+acos2\theta

v=ddt[(2aθ+asin2θ)i+(a+acos2θ)j][br]=(2aθ+2aθcos2θ)i+(raθsin2θ)j[br]v=2aθ(1+cos2θ)2+sin22θ=2aθ4cos2θ=4aθcosθ\mathbf{v}=\frac{d}{dt}[(2a\theta+asin2\theta)\mathbf{i}+(a+acos2\theta)\mathbf{j}][br]= (2a \theta'+2a\theta'cos2\theta) \mathbf{i}+(-ra\theta'sin2\theta)\mathbf{j}[br]\therefore v=2a\theta'\sqrt{(1+cos2\theta)^2+sin^22\theta}=2a\theta'\sqrt{4cos^2\theta}=4a\theta'cos\theta
And by our first result:
v=2(ga)1/2sinθ=4aθcosθθ=12(g/a)1/2Tanθv=2(ga)^{1/2}sin\theta=4a\theta'cos\theta \Rightarrow \theta'=\frac{1}{2}(g/a)^{1/2}Tan\theta
as required.
Differentiating w.r.t time:
θ=12(g/a)1/2Tanθθ=12(g/a)1/2sec2θθ=14(g/a)sec2θTanθ\theta'=\frac{1}{2}(g/a)^{1/2}Tan\theta \Rightarrow \theta''=\frac{1}{2}(g/a)^{1/2}sec^2\theta \theta'=\frac{1}{4}(g/a)sec^2\theta Tan\theta
Similarly:
Unparseable latex formula:

y'=-2a\theta' sin2\theta \Rightarrow y''=-2a(\theta''sin2\theta+cos2\theta*2(\theta')^2)[br]=-2a[(g/4a)sec^2\theta Tan\theta sin2\theta + cos2\theta*\frac{g}{2a}Tan^2\theta][br][br]=-2g[(1/2)sec^2\thetaTan\theta sin\theta cos\theta +\frac{1}{2}cos2\theta Tan^2\theta][br][br]=-2g[(1/2)Tan^2\theta +\frac{1}{2}Tan^2\theta(2cos^2 \theta-1)][br][br]=-2g[(Tan^2\theta/2)(1+2cos^\theta-1)]=-2gsin^2\theta


As required.
At theta=pi/4, from our previous results, we can see that the acceleration vertically is g which would imply the reaction force is 0 but at that point the hoop ha left the table so it can't roll past theta=pi/4.
(edited 12 years ago)

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