Year 12s: what will be the first way you research your future options? >>

Can we reach 2013 posts before 2013 tonight?

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i want post 2013

Almost there

Ok we are nearly there ....2 or 3 more minutes?

edit : already there :rofl:

Reply 2004

TheSownRose

I always just miss important ones. :frown:

ffs

2013

we've done it!

Reply 2007

Potally_Tissed

Original post by rockrunride

Chat mod needs to be on hand to close thread exactly on 2013

Might be possible to schedule it automatically as a thread edit :holmes:

Glycolysis

ATP hydrolysed Pi combines with glucose making -glucose6phosphate

Glucose6phospahte

by isomrase enzyme becomes. fructose 6phospahte another ATP molecule is hydrolysed phosphate molecule attaches to C1 molecule and becomes fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
They energy released from the hydrolysed ATP activates the hexose 1,6 bisphosphate molecule not to leave the cell

The hexose 1,6 bisphosphate is broken down into 2 molecules of triose phosphate a 3 C compound

TP is dehydrogenated by enzymes dehydrogenase and H atoms combine with NAD substrate phosphorylation of ADP and Pi

Four enzyme catalysed reactions convert TP into 2 molecules of pyruvate

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs
Net gain of 2 molecules of ATP formed 4 made but used to kick start the process
And 2 reduced NAD

Link reaction

Pyruvate dehydrogenated and decarboxylated h atoms combine with NAD ,reduced NAD
Carboxyl group eventually becomes co2

CoA accepts acetate and carries to kreb cycle

Kreb cycle

CoA releases a state and acetate combines with oxcoloacetate to form
Citric acid (6C)

6C decarboxylated and dehydrogenated co2 And reduced NAD formed 5c molecule formed

5c molecule dehydrogenated and decarboxylated
4c formed changed into another 4c and ATP is phosphorylated

4c changed into another 4c molecule and dehydrogenated FAD is reduced

4c into third 4c and dehydrogenated to regenerate oxcoloacetate

Cycle turns 2 times for each glucose molecule

Chemosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation

Flow of protons to generate ATP chemiosmosis

Reduced NAD and FAD lose H atom and split into H+ and e-

The e- are carried across the etc and release energy as the pass across etc this provides energy for the H+ to flow thought the electron carries and they accumulate and cause and proton gradient

The protons diffuse across the inter membrane space and diffuse into the ATP synthase which drives the rotation part and join ADP and pi

4 Electrons are passed from the last last etc and combine with 4H+ and combine with the final electron acceptor O2 and this produces 2 molecules of water.

2 H atoms from FAD and 2H atoms from NAD

Mitochondria adaptation

Inner membrane folded into cristea for greater S.A for greater respiration

Many ATP synathase in inner membrane to form ATP for oxidative phosphorylation

Matrix has many enzymes and reactants for kreb cycle

Maximum ATP not produce

Some hydrogens leaked thought mitochondrial membrane not enough protons for proton motive force

Some ATP used to actively transport pyruvate into cytoplasm

Some ATP actively transport reduced NAD from glycolysis stage into mitochondria

Anaerobic respiration
Mammals
Pyruvate combines with hydrogen from the oxidised NAD -lactate produced
Enzyme lactate dehydrogenase used called lactase pathway
Oxidised NAD back to glucose to pick hydrogen glucolysis can continue.

Yeast

Pyruvate converted to ethanal from decarboxylation co2 provided

Ethanal combines with hydrogen from reduced NAD to form ethanol and alcohol dehydrogenase catalase reaction

Oxidised NAD back to glucose to pick hydrogen glucolysis can continue.

Respiratory substrate organic substance for respiration

The higher the numbers of hydrogen atoms the higher the relative energy value
More h atoms
More NAD reduced
NAD used in etc

Lipids highest
Proteins
Carbohydrates lowest

Reply 2010

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