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<a https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=7467335'> Year 12s: what will be the first way you research your future options? >>
<a https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=7467335'> Year 12s: what will be the first way you research your future options? >>

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AQA BIOL5 ~ 17th June 2013 ~ A2 Biology

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Original post by mulac1
how much depth do we need to know about the uses of recombinant dna tech - theres about 4 pages in the textbook...

also what are the relative advantages of in vitro and in vivo gene cloning?


Advantages of in vivo cloning:
*Extremely rapid -
*Doesn't require living cells - no complex culturing techniques that require time and effort are needed

Advantages of in vitro cloning:
*Useful when introducing a gene to another organism -
* Almost no risk of contamination - gene is cut by the same restriction enzyme matches the same sticky ends of the opened up vector
*Very accurate
*Cuts out specific genes - more precise
*Produces transformed bacteria that can be used to produce large quantities of gene products - bacteria can produce proteins for commercial or medical use

Hope that helps, don't know exactly how much detail but I'd make notes on everything just to be on the safe side, they might ask questions where you just need brief examples but then there's always a risk of a huge question asking for lots of detail.
Can anyone explain the secondary messenger model to me please?

Thanks in advance :smile:
Reply 1322
Avatar for mulac1
mulac1
yeh me too I find all the gene tech stuff really difficult to get my head around. Why an earth was my last post negged though??

thanks for the post on gene tech.
(edited 10 years ago)
Could someone please explain the difference between a generator potential and action potential.

Thanks
I think a generator potential is the original voltage that is induced, where as an action potential is when it travels as an impulse down the neuron. I could be wrong :confused:
Original post by starfish232
Could someone please explain the difference between a generator potential and action potential.

Thanks


Basically a generator potential is the depolarisation of a receptor cell membrane as a result of a stimulus, whereas an action potential is the electrical change which happens in the membrane of an axon due to a stimulus :smile:
Reply 1326
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lala12
5
Original post by neelam123h
Can anyone explain the secondary messenger model to me please?

Thanks in advance :smile:


The two hormones that we need to know about that work by the second messenger model are glucagon and adrenaline. I'll use glucagon as an example. Glucagon binds to specific receptors on liver cell membranes. This activates an enzyme inside the cell that catalyses the reaction that converts a molecule of ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP is the second messenger and it activates specific enzymes or enzyme pathways that do the stuff that the hormones are needed for, so in the case of glucagon, the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
Original post by RachelG_
Hey, can someone please explain to me the difference between multipotent and pluripotent cells? Thanks :smile:


I saw someone say to you that pluripotent cells are the ones that can become anything but this is wrong.
Totipotent cells are the cells which can become anything (embryonic or those in plants)

The difference between pluripotent and multipotent is that pluripotent are those which can differentiate into many different types of cells (for example nerve cells or blood cells). But cannot become ALL cells.
multipotent cells are those which are able to differentiate into numerous different 'sub types' of a cell for example they can become any blood cell (B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, Red blood cell... ect)

Hope this helps :smile:
Reply 1328
Avatar for YWArtist
YWArtist
Anyone up for some biol5 question time? Basically asking eachother questions...
Can anyone explain to me how insulin works?
Original post by master y
Can anyone explain to me how insulin works?


Erm, increasing permeability of cells to glucose by stimulating cell's release of vesicles containing glucose carrier proteins. This increases respiration rate which uses up blood glucose. Also activates enzymes which convert glucose to glycogen (secondary messenger) all these lower blood sugars :smile:


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Original post by YWArtist
Anyone up for some biol5 question time? Basically asking eachother questions...


Go for it.

You first :wink:
Reply 1332
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YWArtist
Original post by James A
Go for it.

You first :wink:


Sorted G,
Erm
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes? Describe both...
Original post by YWArtist
Sorted G,
Erm
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes? Describe both...


Briefly...

Type 1 is as a result of the body being unable to produce insulin.

Type 2 is a less serious form of Diabetes. The receptors on the surface of cells (glycoproteins) lose their responsiveness to to insulin, hence blood glucose concentration does not decrease.
Reply 1334
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YWArtist
Original post by James A
Briefly...

Type 1 is as a result of the body being unable to produce insulin.

Type 2 is a less serious form of Diabetes. The receptors on the surface of cells (glycoproteins) lose their responsiveness to to insulin, hence blood glucose concentration does not decrease.


For type 1 also mention that it could be due to an autoimmune response in which the body attacks its own cells in this case the beta cells.
Original post by YWArtist
For type 1 also mention that it could be due to an autoimmune response in which the body attacks its own cells in this case the beta cells.


Yeah, beta cells in the islets of Langerhan.

Ill post a question here tomoz, im falling asleep in bed haha
Original post by lala12
The two hormones that we need to know about that work by the second messenger model are glucagon and adrenaline. I'll use glucagon as an example. Glucagon binds to specific receptors on liver cell membranes. This activates an enzyme inside the cell that catalyses the reaction that converts a molecule of ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP is the second messenger and it activates specific enzymes or enzyme pathways that do the stuff that the hormones are needed for, so in the case of glucagon, the conversion of glycogen to glucose.


Sorry to be annoying, but could explain how adrenalin works please? Sorry! I'm just not too sure about it :smile:
Reply 1337
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Castiel'
Original post by blueeyedgirl
Sorry to be annoying, but could explain how adrenalin works please? Sorry! I'm just not too sure about it :smile:


Just answering for lala12,

Adrenaline (released from the adrenal glands) binds to receptors on liver cells which activates enzymes in the liver cells that convert glycogen to glucose. As a result, adrenaline will increase blood glucose concentration .
(edited 10 years ago)
Hi, can anyone explain the difference between primers and probes!? Thanks :smile:
Reply 1339
Avatar for MLogan
MLogan
Original post by nathaan5
Hi, can anyone explain the difference between primers and probes!? Thanks :smile:


Primers are used to start DNA synthesis and allow DNA polymerase to bind free nucleotides. Whereas DNA probe is used to locate a particular gene.

Hope this helps :smile:

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