OCR Biology F212 Revision [3rd June 2013] (Now Closed)

Original post by BioGeek

Smoking contains tar.
Tar accumulates in the trachea.
Paralyses the cilia.
Cilia can no longer waft mucus out of the trachea.
Goblet cells over produce mucus.
Mucus accumulates in the trachea.
This provides opportunistic infections to occur.
As it provides optimum conditions for bacteria grow.
This is known as chronic bronchitis.

Over secretion of mucus also causes...
triggers an immune response.
This leads to a neutrophil
secreting an enzyme known as elastase.
This digests the elastic fibers surrounding the alevoli
Alveolar can longer recoil back during expiration.
Causes them to burst
Reduced surface area.
Shortness of breath.

Great answer; a perfect example - even more than needed.
:biggrin:

Reply 584

Gotzz

Original post by Ché.

I have one for you guys...
Get your long answer heads on!

"One of the symptoms of smoking is the development of a smokers cough.
Explain how smoking causes a smoker's cough AND how the cough itself can lead to further problems with the lungs over a long period of time. (7)."

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Tar in cigarette smoke paralyses cilia and causes goblet cells to produce more mucus.
This means that the cilia cannot waft the excess mucus out of the airways.
This results in a 'smoker's cough', as this is an attempt to move the excess mucus upwards and out of the airways.
Persistent coughing can cause damage to the lining of the airways and alveoli. This is then replaced by scar tissue, which is less flexible. Additionally, the layer of smooth muscle in the wall of the bronchioles becomes thicker, narrowing the lumen of the airways. This restricts air flow.
The alveoli being less flexible means they are less able to recoil during exhalation, which results in a shortness of breath.

Reply 585

Original post by BioGeek

Define the term antibody (2)

Antibody is a protein molecule that can identify and neutralise the antigen.

Reply 586

Original post by Dejir

How much do I need for A if i got C in unit 1 abd 39/40 for practical

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Well!?
You would have scored: 58UMS - F323 Practical Skills.
So...

You definitely need a secure A grade for an A overall.
Aim for around 70/100 or more, for more UMS.
:biggrin:

(edited 10 years ago)

Reply 587

Original post by otrivine

Antibody is a protein molecule that can identify and neutralise the antigen.

Personally!?
It would not neutralise the antigen; it would neutralise toxins or the pathogenic material.
I wouldn't necessarily state that "neutralisation" as that's one function, that's you've pointed out correctly.
I think it requires you to reference the production from B-lymphocytes and then a reference to the detection of pathogens in general.
:smile:

(edited 10 years ago)

Reply 588

Original post by BioGeek

Define the term antibody (2)

ANTIBODY:
"A blood protein molecule which is produced by B-lymphocytes and detect the invading pathogenic material."

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Reply 589

BioGeek

Original post by Ché.

Personally!?
It would neutralise the antigen; it would neutralise toxins or the pathogenic material.
I wouldn't necessarily state that "neutralisation" as that's one function, that's you've pointed out correctly.
I think it requires you to reference the production from B-lymphocytes and then a reference to the detection of pathogens in general.
:smile:

Do you love bio? :O

Reply 590

lllllllllll

Original post by BioGeek

Define the term antigen (2)

a protein/glycoprotein that stimulates an immune response.

Reply 591

BioGeek

Original post by Ché.

ANTIBODY:
"A blood protein molecule which is produced by B-lymphocytes and detect the invading pathogenic material."

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That is true, but all your really need is: Are protein molecules that can identify and neautralise antigens

Reply 592

Original post by Ché.

But thats the text book definition, so cannot argue with the text book

Reply 593

Original post by BioGeek

That is true, but all your really need is: Are protein molecules that can identify and neautralise antigens

Answer this biogeek :wink:

Describe 3 differences between specific and non-specific response

Reply 594

Original post by BioGeek

Do you love bio? :O

HAHA!
You know what?
As I wrote that, I was thinking: "I hope no one thinks I am being a git."
But, I have written that before - exactly - and I have gotten one mark out of two.

I don't want someone to lose an easy mark!
:biggrin:

I do love Biology, yes.
But, that wasn't one of my worst petty references!
LOL.

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Reply 595

Original post by otrivine

But thats the text book definition, so cannot argue with the text book

You know what?
No, I can't.
Sorry then...
I apologise.
>_<

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Reply 596

Original post by BioGeek

That is true, but all your really need is: Are protein molecules that can identify and neautralise antigens

I just realised that it was a definition from one of my other books!
CGP and all!
Apologies, agAin.
LOL.

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Reply 597

Original post by otrivine

Answer this biogeek :wink:

Describe 3 differences between specific and non-specific response

I have an answer, but I shall not interrupt. :biggrin:

LOL.

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Reply 598