If you miss an assignment hand-in deadline, then it's usual for the work to be given a zero mark and disregarded - unless you have extenuating circumstances such as illness or bereavement. Your teacher was correct not to mark it unless you have something like that.
As for how this impacts future assignments, this may be down to your college's policies so you need to check with them. If they have an Academic Administration office, that would be a good place to start.