Reading the conversation, I actually think she was fairly clear about what she did and didn't want. She wanted you to back off and leave her alone and she said so, more than once, in fairly clear terms. Perhaps there was room to be a little more brutal but I think she was trying to avoid being rude or hurtfu whilst still getting her message across. As you seem to have realised, you came on too strong (even in friendship terms) and it became uncomfortable for her. You told her that you respected her wishes and understood but you didn't then follow through on this by actually doing as she asked and moving on.
I know it might sound a little brutal but the other thing that strikes me is that you keep saying you wish she'd explained herself but given the short period of time you knew her and the fact it was you giving her too much information, too willlingly, then when you take a step back you'll probably see that she didn't/doesn't really owe you any explanation. She doesn't want to be friends. Like it or not, that's the end of the story.
The lesson to be learned here is about how quickly to open up to new people and how much information is socially appropriate to share right away. Also, you kept telling her how good of a judge of character you are and how well you read people but didn't actually read the cues in her language and behaviour which were clearly of the 'please, back off' variety. So in future, take things steady and try not to be so full on with someone new even if you do feel a connection. Give a friendship (or potential relationship) the time to develop at a pace that is comfortable for both of you.
Life is a learning curve so take the lessons from this experience and use them to improve your future relationships! You seem genuinely keen to make self-improvements and we all make mistakes so don't be too hard on yourself over this. Onwards and upwards!