I'm so glad someone isn't looking down at me from their nose.
This is a section of my most recent coursework. It's on hate crime.
‘The police recorded 42,236 hate crime offences in 2012/13, around one per cent of all recorded crime. Comparing this with estimates from the CSEW [Crime Survey for England and Wales] implies that far fewer hate crime offences came to the attention of the police than the 40 per cent indicated by the survey.’ (Home Office, Office for National Statistics and Ministry of Justice, 2013, p.6).
Drawing on this overview and with reference to the topics discussed on the module, describe and discuss the nature, extent and distribution of hate crime in England and Wales.
A hate offence is one which is perceived by the victim, or any other person to be motivated, by a hostility or prejudice based on a person’s actual or perceived race, religion, sexual orientation, disability or gender. A hate crime is a hate offence which has been successfully prosecuted. Central to this question that there are many more offences as reported directly and subjectively from victim experience, than there are convictions and invites exploration of the attrition and particularly under-reporting to the police.
The concept of hate offending emerged in the 1960’s, initially in the context of the Civil Rights movement. The categories included have evolved. The recognition of racial hate crime was within the Race Relations Act 1965. The background to religious hate crime emerged from the anti-terrorist crime and security laws of 2001 and 2006 following the 1990’s “decade of hate” culminating in 9/11. Sexual orientation, as a target group, was recognised in 2008, and specific inclusion in terms of disability and transgender remains underway (Law Commission 2014). So the potential victims of hate crime are those who are also described as having the five protected characteristics in other areas of law, such as employment and who are covered by Discrimination and Equality legislation. For the purposes of crime reporting these are identified the five centrally monitored strands. As well as the step-wise addition of categories there has also been a step-wise inclusion of the involved institutional areas, from social movements in the 1970’s, through legislators, then Courts and Statuary interpretation to Law enforcement from Law enforcement from the millennium.