Holy cow this was a long read
. So if I'm correct, you have a hardware which generates some data an you want to access the data from computer software, website, and app. Why do you need a desktop software when you have a website too? Isnt it better to just use the website? Anyways this is my recommendation. To use the minimum number of languages you need to learn and frameworks, I will advice you use java. Not only is it way easier than c++, but it run of many devices. So you can use java to develop the desktop application as well as with a bit of extra knowledge make an android app for the pda you are talking about. This leaves the website and web server, for this I recommend using NodeJs, since nodejs is javascript, it removes the need to learn both php and javascript to develop the website and server. The same nodejs server can host the website as well as provide an api which the apps (pda&desktop) can access. If you want real time data transfer and dont want to implement it yourself, you can use firebase. Firebase is provides storage as well as real time communication without you having to do much at all, so your data can update in real time on both the apps and websites. Or to implement your own with nodejs, you can use mongodb database and socket.io library, its not really hard to implement but does the exact same thing as firebase so I'd rather avoid the hassle and use firebase. However you still need to learn some basic c++ to do the arduino stuff but yeah this is what I recommend. Feel free to ask any questions.