We cover philosophy of knowledge (epistemology), moral philosophy (ethics), metaphysics of God, and metaphysics of mind.
Epistemology is questions concerning the origin of knowledge - do we get it directly from sense organs, can we define knowledge, to what extent can we doubt the existence of the external world.
Moral philosophy is about different moral ethical theories and also how they are practically interpreted. It also looks at the language of morality - can objective moral truth be found or not?
Metaphysics of God may be similar to GCSE RS - cosmological arguments (there are 6 long arguments to learn!), ontological arguments, teleological arguments, the problem of evil, attributes of god, and religious language (is it meaningful or not)?
Metaphysics of Mind - probably won't have done this before. Are mind and body separate, or does one depend upon another? Is mind the brain, or are our mental states just a representation of functional roles? Can computers have minds?
Here is an example question and my response (in note form)
Describe St. Anselm's Ontological argument [12]
1. God is “that than which no greater can be conceived”.
a. Any attribute which makes God greater is a part of God’s nature.
b. For example, as omnipotence makes God greater, it is a part of God’s nature as a great-making quality (a perfection)
2. If God exists in the mind alone, a greater being could be imagined to exist in both mind and reality.
3. This being would be greater than God.
4. Therefore, God cannot exist in the mind alone.
a. There is a difference between something existing in the mind (in intellectu) and in reality (in re).
5. It is greater to be a necessary being than to be a contingent being.
a. A necessary truth is something which as to be true, e.g. “a triangle has three sides”.
b. A contingent truth depends on something else, e.g. “it is 12:00 pm”. If the time changes, this ceases to be true.c. Anselm relies upon the distinction between necessary existence and contingent existence.
6. If God exists as a contingent being, we could imagine a necessary being.
7. This being would be greater than God, which is impossible.
8. Therefore, God is a necessary being.
a. Anselm reduces to absurdity the claim that God cannot exist, as the logical consequences are absurd and contradictory.
b. That God is a necessary being is a great-making quality, or perfection, in God’s nature.
This is an a priori deductive argument, as it arrives at a conclusion, gained without experience, by logically following the premises.
This is one flashcard out of 250 - to each philosophical position, we need to learn criticisms and counter-replies, and be able to evaluate in a 25 mark essay.