Oi! Don't diss the sonic!
Have you watched
any of New Who? Especially series 5 and 6?
The woman with the eyepatch was Madame Kovarian. She's been poppiung up throughout series 6, and it was revealed last episode and this episode that she's kind of a glorified midwife. She's working for someone, but it's not entirely clear who yet, although it would be a good bet she's working for the SIlence, whether it be directly or indirectly.
The Doctor's "friend/gf" as you put it, is River Song,
She was first introduced in the series 4 episodes, Silence in the Library/Forest of the Dead, written by Steven Moffat. It was heavily implied until Day of the Moon that she shared some kind of relationship with the Doctor, with speculation that she might be his future wife, and in the aforementioned episode, they shared his first kiss/her last kiss together.
To whomever asked how the Doctor knew where Amy was, he got Rory to find that out from the Cybermen battle fleet.
And with everyone else asking where the Doctor went, I thought it was very heavily implied that he was going to go to the Gamma Forest (another greek letter there BTW), since there were so many mentions of it, especially with Lorna Bucket meeting a future version of the Doctor there.