Ok gonna try and come up with a mark scheme tell me if I miss anything which I undoubtedly will!!
1) a) Flagellum; capsule; 70s ribosomes; mesosomes; plasmids; peptidoglycan cell wall;
b) lowers water potential in lumen of intestine;
water moves by osmosis from cells;
c) to kill pathogens/sterilise;
d) sodium/salt/potassium/chloride;
2) a) volume of air in lungs increasing;
b) diaphragm contracts;
flattens and moves down;
c) PV= tidal vol x breathing rate;
more exaggerated peaks higher tidal volume;
peaks cloers together higher breathing rate;
3) peptide;
b) H, J, E;
c) site for aerobic respiration/produce ATP;
secretes lots of enzymes/products;
needs energy to make them;
d) homogenated breaks open cells;
e) filtered removes debris;
f) cold reduces enzyme action;
g) isotonic same water potential as tissue/organelle;
stops organelle shrivelling bursting;
by osmosis;
... another Qu after this?
4) no;
correlation not causation;
another factor/ need scientific studies/ HPV16 should be investigated;
b) protein / glycoprotein;
on HPV virus stimulating immune response/production of antibodies/memory cells;
c) memory cells secondary immunity;
divide rapidly by mitosis to form plasma cells;
produces lots of antibodies;
eliminate infection quickly;
d) low pH in stomach/pepsin;
denatures/digests enzymes;
e) boys could have sex with girls that have HPV;
may act as carriers/transmit to other girls;
5) a) spc. tertiary structure;
specific active site shape;
only substrate complementary/binds/fits;
to the active site;
b) straight line paralell to x/decreasing slightly;
c) decrease to low level/0
definitely another question...
6) smoking;
high blood pressure;
stress;
b) healthy volunteers have no underlying conditions/may react differently in unhealthy people;
c) avoid sampling bias;
d) dark chocolate without flavanoids;
otherwise treated exactly the same;
e) structure of artery in arm similar to that in coronary arteries;
higher blood pressure;
inc. risk of aneurysm;
thrombus/atheroma reference;
7) a) simple diffusion/diffusion;
through p.lipid membrane;
water and small molecules;
fac. diffusion;
channel/carrier proteins;
specific;
larger/charged substances;
both above passive/down conc gradient;
active transport;
needs ATP;
hydrolysed/conformation change;
in carrier proteins;
b) alveoli convoluted/good blood supply;
large surface area;
thin alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium;
short diffusion pathway/distance;
movement of air and blood;
maintains diffusion gradient;
Ok there is a makeshift mark scheme but I need you guys to remind me of the other questions :P