Edexcel AS Psychology UNIT 2 29th May 2012

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genetial
Sample of 57 twins where one was diagnosed with schizophrenia were chosen. Used same sex twin. Each twin assessed to see if they were MZ or DZ twins. 24 pairs of MZ and 33 pairs of DZ twins.
MZ twins- 42% of co-twin of schizophrenic diagnosed as schizophrenic. 37% diagnosed with different form of psychiatric abnormality. 21% normal
DZ twin- 9% co twin diagnosed as schizophrenic. 36% diagnosed with psychiatric abnormality. 55% normal
Gottessman had a large sample size- had used 57 twins whereas Money had one set of twins.
Both had same sex twins ( Money had same sex twins originally)
High ecological validity as both researchers did not control the schizophrenia or circumcision
5 year old boy taken to freud suffering from phobia of horses. Freud saw hans once or twice. Information came mostly through hans father.
At age 3, hans developed interest in his own penis. Age 5 mother threatened to cut it off if he did not stop playing with it. Developed fear a white horse would bite him. Hans fathee related to freud that this was probably related to horses large penis. Father objected him into getting into parents bed in the morning. Hans feared going out of the house incase he encounted a horse. Fear became limited to horses with black harness noses, hans father interpreted this as his black moustache. Hans had two fantasises: he had several imaginery children, asked who the mother was, said why mummy and you’re granddad. Also imagined a plumber fitting him with a bigger penis.
Freud saw phobias as expression of Oedipus

Key issues transgender,
Intersex - Born with unclear genitaliar, the doctor/parent decides which gender is most suited to the genitals, can be very unethical as the child has no consent or is to young to be informed about whats going on... also there was a study conducted that 13 males were born intersex which was psychologically harmful
Gender Dyspohoria, feeling trapped in the wrong gender, can be psychologically harmfull as the person is confused about which gender to belong in, then at a certain age decieds which gender is most apropriate towards how they feel, this can be done by surgery, and injecting either testostrone or oestrogeon.. no real ethical issues and concerns however as the person is 100% physically healthy surgery is a risk
Heomaphordiates, born with both genitalia can be very underconforting and can lead to psychological harm, as the person or parents of the child would not know how to actually treat them,
the factors, are mainly age.. at a certain age the person can choose which gender they belong to.. not just regarding their parents or doctors decision if to young
Social - Counsilling Biological - surgery
sorry about late reply

Describe the key issue in the learning approach
Describe and evaluate bandura ross and ross study
Describe MRI/PET scans
What is freud's theory of personality

My psychology teacher is awful.
Just had to learn 60% of unit 2 by myself in the past 4 days.

Can someone please give me a rundown on brain lateralisation and supporting evidence.

Deep respect x

Is Heomaphordiates same as intersex children( born with no gentalia)
more ethical points- stops bullying in life, society will accept them
unethical points- child too young to make decision, genes predetermine a child to have certain sex or gender- giving sex change unethical becuase behaviour would be of opposite gender.
Other than that great answer !!!
Ok about the late reply, thought you weren't interested in qs and answers about to give up then

The aim of banduara ross and ross's study was to see whether children would copy aggression shown by the same sex adult role model, the procedure was that there was 72 children in 1 nursery in america, where they were interobserved and taken to 3 stages, in stage one 24 children saw the adult behave agressive and non agressive towards the bobo doll, in the agressive they kicked shouted through it around and in the non agressive they ignored the bobo doll and resembled toys, in stage 2 they were taken to a room full of experimenters best toys which they were told not to touch, which angered them. in stage 3 they were taken to a room full of agressive and non aggressive toys, the findings was that 1/3rd the children behanved more agressively towards toys, boys more agressive then girls, in conslusion children learn by observational learning copying what they see in the surroundings,
HIGH ecologoical validity, natural environment, also children play with toys as children, high experimental validity- lab sexperment controlled variables,it was clear the agression shown was by the adult, ethical issues making children more agressive is psychologically harmful good relibality however due to ethical issues hard to replicate study giving similar results, high population validty sample of 72 children however done in 1 nursey in america so cant generalise to a wider population of nurserys

MRI scanning - injecting glucose into blood, chemical radioactiviity breaks down in brain, more activity in darker areas, less activity in lighter areas
Pet scanning - like an x ray it is a detailed image of the brain used to see where there is more acitity, also to spot small brain abnormalitys

Personality in the psychodyanmic approach is how well we share a relatiobship between our parents whilst going through the psychosexual stages, too much pleasure or too littlee pleasure can result to mental illness's developing at a later stage of life

Evaluate the biological approach of gender development
Describe the aim and procedure of Dibs's study
What stat test is used for : Spearmans Rho, Mann Whitney U and Chi sqaured
Evaluate tocken economy benefits and downslides of it (if you are doing tocken economy)

MRI scans use magentic field to influence hydrogen atoms in water molecules. Radiowaves pass through the head by the scanner. Lots of hydrogen atoms, area white, less atoms, place is dark. allows to compare structure of breians that function normally or abnormally
PET scans injects a molecule called a tracer in to the bloodstream. tracers radioactive releases radioactivity when it decays. radioactivity detected by scanner, red high activity, blue low activity. use for differnces between males and females, normal and abnormal

Freuds theory of personality is ID, Ego and superego. (unless yours is differnet)
Other than that great points.
Bnadura has a control group which saw no model for that extra mark

OOO SHIIT!! in my book its wrong! (so basically i got the mri and pet scanning opposite way round? thanks iv changed them and used your answer p

If it asks you to describe brain laterisation would you say it is the extent to which different parts of the brain perform different functions and so males have more brain laterisation or is it the difference between male and females brains? This part confuses me

yoo rizzy what shall i do lool i know most of the **** but cant be askeddd to revise more psychology cause once you know most the stuff it gets boring theres nothing else for me to do :/ i dont even care if i pass or fail psychology lol im dropping it anyways :x im ready for the exam but idk what to do lol :/ need your help

Have you done past papers?
look at qs and answers from markscheme and see what answers they give. could be possible a qs from the past paper may come but phrased differently. also, go through the papers and see what hasn't come up and revise it, could be they ask that qs tomorrow. Have fun!!!

loool theres only 3 papers ;3 lmao :x did them all like 7 months ago

yh so do them. also look at the multiple choice qs because they do tend to be quite tricky at times. if you have an account on get revising there are quizzes on there, you can do them, if not make an account and do the quizzes. I'll get back to you if i remember anything else.

ahah cheers rizzy, seing as you know loads about psychology you're proper ready for tomorow init!? so what are you planning on doing today and tomorow? inprep for exam tomorow

i don't know anything. have to learn all the studies and information and do past papers. luckily the exams in the afternoon. i'm an a2 student so hadn't started revising this till friday soo gonna fail. why u going to drop psych?