Higher Biology 2015-2016

Protein synthesis as a whole is anabolic. Translation is an anabolic process, and so is transcription.

"Metabolise" is just a general term that refers to the chemical processing of substances within cells and the body as a whole. Enzymes that metabolise substrates just means enzymes that process them.

A metabolite is the product of metabolism. For example, ethanol is oxidised in the liver to ethanal and then to ethanoate. In this case, both ethanal and ethanoate are metabolites.

By "enzymes that process them" do you mean that enzymes that use them up?

I had a question also on Question 2 (c):


I do not understand this because all of the bacteria that contained the modified plasmid had the antibiotic resistance gene. This means that all of them should be resistant to antibiotic whether they were transformed or not as ALL of them contain this gene from the plasmid.
However, the answers say that the transformed bacteria would only be able to survive/ grow in the presence of antibiotics...

I do not get this at all.

Please explain as simple as possible. This genuinely makes no sense

Using up isn't particularly great terminology. The substrate does get used up, but that's not the definition of processing. What I mean is chemical modification, reduction/oxidation, cleavage etc etc

You're pretty much right for the plasmid question just a bit confused. None of the bacteria have the plasmid, but the plasmid on the left is just the plasmid they are using before inserting the EPO gene. Typically they'll get this by ordering from a company or taking another bacterial strain, breaking the culture up (cell lysis) and purifying the plasmid DNA.


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I have done the assignment but I did it on enzymes (we didn't get a choice). There was lots of data on that...

Yeah, I realised this, but answering the actual question, I don't get how it relates...?
Because it says they take up the MODIFIED PLASMIDS.

The way I am wording the questions is: Modified plasmids are mixed with a large group of bacteria. Some bacterial cells produce the protein by taking up these plasmids but others do not while taking up plasmids also. How do you tell which one is producing the protein?

Still confused

Please use like major basic english, in english classes Im ok but in the sciences my brain switches dead off when I see even something half confusing. I want to die sometimes because it's so annoying Very much like right now

Yeah you're reading it wrong. Some bacteria take up the plasmids (and thus are transformed), whilst others do not take up the plasmid. I guess it is possible for the plasmid to be taken up and for the bacteria not to express the EPO gene, but in that case, the antibiotic resistance gene will also be silent.

AAARRGGHHHH! Still don't get it!

So if some take up the modified plasmid and others do not, then the ones that don't take it up will have the plasmid on the left of the picture. THIS STILL CONTAINS THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENE THOUGH!

SO HOW THE ACTUAL **** DOES THE BACTERIA THAT HAS THE NEW PLASMID ONLY GROW IN ANTIBIOTICS!?!?!!?!? It should grow without antibiotics only.

NO ****ING SENSE!!!!!

no they won't

Hi there,
"Some bacteria can transfer plasmids or chromosomal DNA to each other or take up DNA from the environment to produce new strains."

This is the answer we need to know for a question but I don't understand how bacteria take up DNA from the environment? What does it mean? Is there idea of an evironment something else? Please help ASAP!

See here: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation

Hey,
sorry, can't find the answer I'm looking for? Do you know or did you find it in here?

The whole article is about how bacteria exchange plasmids!

Hey,
phosphorylation is addition of phosphate group, so which of the following is phosphorylation:

ATP > ADP + Pi

OR


ADP + Pi > ATP

Little confused

Phosphorylation of ADP is ADP + Pi > ATP

Phosphorylation of protein is the addition of a phosphate group to it. The phosphate is usually provided by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi. That's maybe why you're confused?

Phosphorylation of ADP is ADP + Pi > ATP

Phosphorylation of protein is the addition of a phosphate group to it. The phosphate is usually provided by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi. That's maybe why you're confused?

Phosphorylation of ADP is ADP + Pi > ATP

Phosphorylation of protein is the addition of a phosphate group to it. The phosphate is usually provided by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi. That's maybe why you're confused?

Hey,

See the electron transport chain, it says hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane from the matrix to the space between the 2 membranes. It then says about the return flow of hydrogen ions. This is where I am stuck. Because why would ATP synthase work? How are the flow of the ions returned????

Because the H^+ ions are on one side of the membrane (as they have just been pumped across) there is now a high concentration on that side thus they return to the original side of the membrane by diffusion via ATP synthase causing it to rotate which allows it to function

Hey, thanks so much,
But isn't that pointless pumping the H+ ions across in the first place then if they are returned back to original place?

At first glance I suppose it is but if they weren't pumped over to one side of the membrane then there would be no return flow to drive the ATP synthase so no ATP would be produced in this manner