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Cultural deprivation: most of us acquire basic values and skills through primary socialisation. working class families fail so socialise their children correctly. These children have lower intellectual development, language skills, and different attitudes/values.
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Intellectual: Douglas found that middle class children did better as working class parents didn't do educational activities at home
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Language: Bereiter and Englemann found that W/C use restricted code, while M/C use elaborated code
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Attitudes/Values: Hyman found that they have a ‘self imposed barrier’ and wont make sacrifices of staying on at school so leave early and do manual work. Sugarman found that they also have: fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, and present-time orientation