I remembers the Asian crises caused by bad investments/ speculation in the stock market and the Japanese depression caused by Public and Private debt reduction practices/ a balance sheet recession where the private individuals and citizens recognized a gap between assets and liabilities thus they tried to lower liabilities in proportion to their assets, this shifted resources away from expenditures thus lowering company profits and it created a self fulfilling vigorous cycle. The government stepped in by lowering interest rates at the zero lower bound to make credit cheap and fiscal stimuli to put confidence in the markets, influencing market expectations by speculating future price rises and temporarily increasing demand to make up for the private sector gap in demand by fiscal measures. Every time figures risen back to normal rates, the government did the opposite in the name of fiscal responsibility thus discouraging consumer expenditures (1997 Japan's VAT/consumption tax rise towards 5%). Whilst this happened, fertility rates reduced for the Japanese and this caused the working age population to reduce whilst increasing welfare costs (increasing opportunity costs). As of present, 20 years since the depression began, Shinzo Abe's government and BOJ governor Kuroda have undertaken massive structural reform of regulation burdens (reducing and eliminating unnecessary burdens), subsidies changes (reducing subsidies on agriculture and reducing duties on imported foods to drive costs down) etc, massive stimulus packages to lift aggregate demand (through tax cuts and infrastructure investment projects) and shifting tax burdens towards consumption rather than income and reducing business rates to encourage innovation and the entrepreneurial spirits and massive monetary action through nirp, 10 year T bond's ycc (to allow flexibility for fiscal action) and qqe to shift demand to purchase riskier bonds away from Japanese Tbonds.