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CHAPTER 1
Individual differences
Zeitgeist
Social norms change over time,
External validity
High external validity – Pps behave naturally when observed
Low external validity -
Internal validity
High internal validity – genuine results, similar to real life application
Low internal validity –
Face validity
Study does what it claims, increasing internal validity
CHAPTER 3
Longitudinal design
High internal validity, but don’t have confounding variable of individual differences between Pp variables.
Ethical issues
Deception
CHAPTER 4
Scientific
Plausible and credible as founded in established theory
Comprehensive theory, which is reliable and objective
Real life application
Artificial environment
Not a valid measure of real life application, meaning there are sampling issues and generalization, in which it lacks internal validity as you aren’t measuring what is intended entirely.
Can address ethical issues, e.g. use of debriefing/retrospective consent
Demand characteristics (please U effect, screw U effect)
Determinism
Operate within limits,
Cultural differences
Bias and cross cultural research. Individualistic (individual freedom)and collectivist cultures (group)
Reductionism
All behaviours caused by preceding factors, meaning it is predictable.
Causal relationship
Association is made, third variable, intervening variable. Claims to have discovered causes where only an association exists.
Power in psychology
Untestable concept
Unfalsifiable, loose set of concepts, which are not comprehensive
Case Study
Lacks scientific rigour, abnormal unique cases
CHAPTER 6
Order effects
Order effects, decreases the internal validity due to demand characteristics
Time consuming
Economical, pricing
Lab experiment
High internal validity and control, increasing internal validity, cause and effect, replication
Researcher bias
Partipant reactivity
Social desirability bias
Acquiescence bias, tendency to agree with everything
Cross cultural replication
Replicated in other cultures, valid across other cultures, and to females, increase internal and external validity
Correlation
Similarities between the correlations, does not mean causation
Machine reductionist
Mechanistic view of behaviour, ignores human emotions, and ability to process information
Social desirability bias
Acquiescence bias