How far does Golding present Jack as a character who changes in Lord of the Flies? (34)
Golding uses the character of Jack to show that he changes as he descends into savagery throughout the novel. When we first meet Jack, he rejects his given name; “Why should I be Jack? I’m Merridew”. This marks the beginning of Jack’s strong sense of individuality. At the start, we also see Jack’s interaction with Ralph about the Beast when he states “you can feel as if you’re not hunting but being hunted”. This highlights the fact that Jack is still just an ordinary young British boy who is scared of this fear coating the island without any adult supervision. As the story unfolds, we see anarchy represented and Jack’s deep desires and motives on the island. We see Jack’s anger and growing violent tendencies by exclaiming, “Before I could kill it-next time!”. At this point, it seems Jack is ambivalent as he still shows mercy towards the pig but at the same time, Golding’s use of the exclamation mark foreshadows Jack’s inclination towards savagery and brutality, suggesting he is about to change into something civilisation would deny. Golding also wants the reader to think that mankind is inherently evil as Jack displays this through the killing of animals and putting the whole island on fire, which shows Jack has changed as he has no mercy on mother nature and the island. Linking this with the biblical allegory, the Island serves as a perfect paradise, heaven, and could be interpreted as the Garden of Eden. But then, Jack sets the whole island on fire, commits sins and becomes evil. The island and the boys are a microcosm of society as outside the island, the same thing is happening; savage grown-ups killing each other in barbaric wars. This reveals that Jack has changed entirely by the end of the novel into something that mankind is truly evil. Golding wants to put this idea forward as he uses dramatic irony towards the end which is that Jack’s fire got the boys rescued, but the real intention was to hurt Ralph. Golding wants the reader to think that when babies are born they are inherently evil as they’re born with original sin, they’re mischievous, they know how to lie as that comes natural. But what doesn’t come naturally is to be civilised. And Golding has regressed Jack into a baby as in Chapter 12; “Jack was a little boy”.
The first change in Jack that we see is using taboo language towards Piggy as well as physically assaulting him, breaking his glasses, and consistently using the derogatory term ‘fatty’ to address the character. This signals a shift in power dynamics, foreshadowing Jack’s aggressive totalitarianism and fascist leadership style. Moreover, Jack is victimising the weak and the working class by scapegoating and marginalising Piggy as Jack is absolutist, linking with the context behind the time this novel was written in 1954 where the bourgeoisie (upper class) exploited the proletariat (working class) into ‘false class consciousness’. This also means that the demagogues who exploit populist sentiments, like Jack, can easily gain power with an immature, misinformed electorate. Jack is the political allegory in this novel as he parallels to Hitler and the Nazi’s rise to power in the 1930s, as the Nazi Party gained popular support by appealing to the darker emotions in human psychology and fanning popular hatred towards scapegoats like the Jews. Here, Golding may want the reader to think about class divisions and physical appearances, qualities and attributes that can lead to separation between different social groups by using contrasting characters, as Piggy’s asthma, specs, weight and accent puts him into the bottom of dominance ladder even though his ideas may be wise. This shows a change in Jack’s style of leadership as the novel progresses as he becomes more dictatorial and has dominance and authority over the boys on the island as he starts manipulating and controlling them. Golding might have chosen Jack to be dominant as Jack was a slang word for ‘man’ in the middle ages and the fact there are no girls in this novella reflects the patriarchal society of the 1950s.
‘Painted Faces and Long Hair’ serves as a turning point for Jack descending into savagery, as “Jack plans a new face”. The adjective “new” has connotations of good and it shows growth in a person which contradicts what Jack is doing. Here, Jack is painting his face like a barbarian and giving himself over to bloodlust. By masking his face, Jack ultimately becomes more animalistic as animals use camouflage to hunt down their prey, this a step-back because it illustrates the devolution of humans, and a change in Jack’s nature. But, as we establish further on in the novel, the more savage Jack becomes, the more he is able to control the rest of the boys. This is further intensified by Jack’s serious obsession of hunting and thirst for power intensifying as he rejects Ralph’s authority and democratic leadership, which leads him to create a savage tribe that performs rituals, which again portrays a growing division between Jack and some of the other civilised boys as his personality begins to change, which therefore concludes in complete breakdown of order. This builds tension as Jack is in complete antithesis with Ralph who is a democratic leader using the conch, listening to everyone, and Golding using the fire as an extended metaphor for Ralph and the others to escape from the island. As a result of Jack’s leadership, the boys start calling Jack their ‘chief’ which shows complete change in him in order to gain power. Here, Golding might want us to think how far humans could go to gain power over society (the boys), even if it means in deteriorating, regressing behaviour that does not conform to the norms and agreed ways of behaving in society.
‘Shadows and Tall Trees’ gives an interesting insight into the savagery hidden in man’s heart: “a stain in the darkness, a stain that was Jack”. Jack portrays the fatal flaw of humankind that is masked by civilisation and the gradual change in Jack’s attitudes towards others and nature parallels the group’s descent into savagery. The noun ‘stain’ has hard sounds and connotations of something that is unremovable and constant. This links with the fact that all humans have some fault and therefore, Jack is beginning to change into something barbaric which is unremovable and Golding has chosen the character of Jack to represent the side of humans that is truly evil as Jack becomes more savage without laws and norms of society. The use of the indefinite article ‘a’ suggests that Jack isn’t the only cause that has led to the downfall of the boys on the island and presents the idea that Jack was just the spark that was ignited in the boys but they could’ve chosen what to do with it. Also, the imagery in the novel used to describe Jack would be deeply unsettling to English readers - as the dominant ideals that Golding appears to be destroying are attached to Britain’s superior values as a nation. The image of Jack approximates him - a public school student - to the same ‘savages’ that Britain colonised in its empire, which showed what Golding saw as a shared and animalistic humanity that British people shared with other ‘uncivilised’ cultures. This highlights Jack as the main character Golding has chosen to present ideas about change but also all the other boys who join Jack’s tribe have also gone through a change in human nature, implying that Golding wants us to think that without rules and regulations, we all turn into our primitive, animalistic ways.
Another way in which Jack changes is that in the beginning, Jack was first presented as a civilised and an authoritative figure: ‘I am chapter chorister’ and ‘I can sing C sharp’. His innocent, dignified manner and angelic singing is a stark contrast to his later savage-like chanting: “Kill the Beast! Cut his Throat! Spill his Blood!”. The monosyllabic language coupled with the harsh consonant sounds reiterates the lack of emotions Jack has and his merciless intent when he is killing the beast. Jack’s development from saying there was no beast to joining in the chant proves that he has reached the peak of his savagery and has fully changed. Furthermore, the order of the words ‘kill’ then ‘cut’ and ‘spill’ reinforces that Jack wants to do more than what’s necessary and it exacerbates that he has gone beyond the point of barbarity as he enjoyed killing. This highlights a change in Jack’s purpose or aim killing the beast as it was originally based on fear and their need for security. Whereas, now, he does it for the thrill and is sadist. Moving on, the use of the pronoun ‘his’ gives the beast human-like qualities and implies that Jack wants to kill humans which is cannibalistic and sadistic. Alternatively, Jack could have known that it was Simon and he was too caught up in the moment or unwilling to stop because of his stubbornness. Another interpretation is that Jack might’ve known that the Beast was inside them and that the inner conscience was the Beast, which justifies the use of personal pronouns. Perhaps, Jack was trying to remove his past (more civilised) self from existence (as shown earlier when painting his mask) so he can harm others without his guilt stopping him. The repetition of the chant and the use of the power of three are both persuasive techniques which mirror Jack being a temptation to the other boys, and how he has regressed, devolved and changed throughout the novel, especially with the killing of the Beast and the pigs. Golding uses Jack to present the idea that the only thing that stops humans from changing into their primal instincts is the weight of civilization holding us back, and that is what he may want the reader to think when they read this allegorical novel which reflects human nature. This shows a complete change in Jack’s character as has completely devolved from his civilised self.