Can you mark my 16 mark psychology essay

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Discuss research into the influence of childhood on adult relationships. (16 marks)
Bowlby proposed that infants formed an Internal working model which is a mental model of the world that relates to a person’s expectations about relationships based upon their earliest attachment relationship. The internal working model acts as a template for their future relationships (e.g. adult relationships), which means that the quality of the attachment with their primary attachment figure is essential because it will affect the nature of their future relationships. For example, if a child has a loving and reliable relationship with their caregiver, they will then expect future relationships to be the same, so are likely to seek functional relationships and be functional within them.
In 1987 Hazan and Schaffer conducted a study into the relationship between early attachment types and romantic relationships using self-report questionnaires called ‘love quiz’.The quiz asked questions about current attachment experiences and attachment history to identify current and childhood attachment types. The questionnaire also asked questions about attitudes towards love, an assessment of the internal working model. The researchers analysed 620 responses,205 from men and 415 from women. Hazen and Shaffer found that 56% of the respondents were securely attached, 25% were avoidant and 19% were resistant. The 56% securely attached were the most likely to have a good and lasting romantic relationship. The 25% of avoidant respondents were the most likely to show jealousy and fear of intimacy. They also found a positive correlation between attachment type and love experiences. Securely attached adults described their love experiences as happy, friendly and trusting. There was also a relationship between the conception of love (the internal working model) and attachment type, with securely attached individuals tending to have a positive internal working model. Quinton et al. (1984) found a link between poor attachment and later difficulties with parenting. The lack of an internal working model means that individuals lack a reference point to subsequently form relationships with their own children.
One problem is that the research linking the Internal working model/early attachment with later relationship experience is correlational rather than experimental and therefore we cannot claim that the relationship between early attachment and later love styles is one of cause and effect. Both attachment style and later love styles may be caused by something different, such as innate temperament. This means that researchers can not claim that the internal working model determines later relationships. In this case, temperament is an intervening variable.
A further weakness of this area of research is that most studies rely on retrospective
classification of people’s early attachments. These recollections are likely to be flawed because our memories of the past are not always accurate. This is extremely important because if memories are inaccurate then the research findings will not be valid. However, longitudinal studies also support hazens findings e.g Simpson 2007 found participants who were securely attached as infants had higher social competence as children, closer friendships at 16 yrs and were more expressive, and emotionally attached to their romantic partners in their adult relationships. These studies support the view that attachment type does predict adult relationships and may offer an accurate representation of early attachment influences.
Research by Hazen et al suggests that very early experiences have a fixed effect on later adult relationships and, therefore, children who are insecurely attached at one year of age are doomed to experience emotionally unsatisfactory relationships as adults. However, researchers have found plenty of instances where participants were experiencing happy adult relationships despite not having been securely attached as infants. This shows that the research does not suggest that an individual’s past determines the future course of their relationships.
Not all research has found a strong positive correlation between early attachments and later
Relationships. In 2002 Fraley reviewed 27 samples where infants were assessed in infancy and later reassessed (ranging from 1 month to 20 years later). He found correlations ranging from .50 to as low as .10. He suggested one reason for the low correlation may be because insecure-resistant attachment is more unstable. Such a low correlation would pull down the overall correlation. These do not suggest attachment type is very stable and therefore early experiences are unlikely to have a predictable outcome.